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Physio II > Overview of Urine Formation- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Overview of Urine Formation- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the function of the kidney? (major functions)

A

Control volume and concentration of body fluids
Maintains environment cells need for proper function
Rid body of waste materials produced by body or ingested
filters the plasma
resorb much of the filtrate (return to blood)
secrete some substances (remove from blood)
substances that are secreted or not reabsorbed are excreted in the urine

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2
Q

What are some of the more specific functions of the kidney?

A

Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
Regulation of water and electrolyte balances
Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
regulation of blood pressure
regulation of acid-base balance
secretion, metabolism, and excretion of hormones
gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

What does urea reflect??

A

Amino acid metabolism

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4
Q

What does creatinine reflect?

A

from muscle creatine

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5
Q

What is creatine used for?

A

create phosphocreatine which serves as energy source for production of ATP in muscle.

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6
Q

What day, what percent of creatine is converted to creatinine?

A

1 to 2 %

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7
Q

What is uric acid from?

A

nucleic acids

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8
Q

What is the end product of hgb breakdown?

A

Bilirubin

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9
Q

What does fluid/salt intake usually depend on?

A

Individual eating/drinking habits

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10
Q

What responds to changes in intake?

A

Kidneys

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11
Q

How does acid-base regulation occur in the body?

A

Kidneys work with lungs and body-buffer systems

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12
Q

What do lungs do to contribute to acid base regulation?

A

Remove carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What doe kidneys do to contribute to acid base regulation?

A

Control hydrogen ion and bicarb concentration

kidneys only way to remove sulfuric and phosphoric acid; byproducts of protein metabolism

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14
Q

How doe kidneys regulate erythrocyte production?

A

Secrete erythropoetin (almost all) which stimulates RBC production

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15
Q

What is the major stimulus for RBC production?

A

Hypoxia

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16
Q

What will have to patients will severe renal disease?

A

Develop anemia due to lack of erythropoetin production

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17
Q

What happens with glucose during prolonged fasting?

A

New glucose is produced from amino acids and other items

significant quantities can be produced

18
Q

What percent of CO is renal blood flow?

A

22%

19
Q

How many mls/min is renal blood flow?

A

1100 mls/min

20
Q

What is the pressure in glomerular capillaries?

A

60mmHg; produces high rate of filtration

21
Q

What is the pressure in peritubular capillaries?

A

13 mmHg; low pressure produces high rate of fluid reabsorption

22
Q

What percent of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

20-30%

23
Q

What kind of reflex is micturition reflex emptying the bladder?

A

Nervous reflex

24
Q

What controls filling/emptying of the urinary bladder?

A

Autonomic spinal cord reflex

Input from cerebral cortex or brain stem

25
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

26
Q

What is the tone that holds urine in the bladder?

A

Internal sphincter; smooth muscle

27
Q

What is the voluntary control by the nervous system; conscious prevention of urination?

A

Externer sphincter; skeletal muscle

28
Q

What nerves are the primary supply to the bladder?

A

Pelvic nerves

29
Q

What is responsible for initiation micturition reflex?

A

Sensory fibers from posterior urethra

30
Q

What nerve controls the skeletal muscle fibers that provide voluntary control of external sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

31
Q

How is sympathetic control accomplished in the bladder?

A

Hypogastric nerves; controls blood vessels

32
Q

When are pain nerves in the ureters stimulated?

A

Blocked ureters response with intense reflex constriction which sends sympathetic stimulation back to kidneys to constrict renal arterioles (ureterorenal reflex)

33
Q

What does the composition of urine not change?

A

once it leaves the collecting ducts

34
Q

What acts as pacemaker for peristaltic contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Renal calyces

35
Q

What do renal calyces do?

A

Force urin down into renal pelvis down the ureters into the bladder

36
Q

What does increased stretch of calyces do?

A

Increases peristaltic rate

37
Q

What are renal calyces innervated by?

A

Parasympathetic (enhances peristalsis) and sympathetic (inhibits peristalsis) nerves

38
Q

What muscle prevents backflow from bladder to ureters?

A

Detrusor muscle; especially during bladder contraction

39
Q

What increases pressure with ureter to open passage to bladder?

A

Peristaltic waves down ureter

40
Q

What will occur if ureter is not long enough to pass through wall of the bladder?

A

Reflux will occur

Physio II (14 decks)

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