Control of CO- Exam 1 Flashcards
Cardiac output
sum of blood flow to all tissues of the body
Venous return
amount of blood flowing from tissues into the right atrium
What is CO affected by?
overall metabolic activity of body including exercise
Body mass (CO vs CI)
Age
What is CO controlled by?
Venous return (i.e. how peripheral circulation affects the flow of blood from tissues into the RA)
What is the highest rate of metabolism from birth to about 10 years of age?
4.0 L/min/m2
What does the CI decrease to with age?
2.4 L/min/m2 @ 80 y/o
Why does CI decrease with age?
Decreasing muscle mass and overall decrease in activity
Healthy Young Male CO
5.6 L/min
Healthy Young Female CO
4.9 L/min
Average CO for resting adult
5.0 L/min
Average adult wt
70 kg
Average surface area adult
1.7 m2
Average cardiac index
3 L/min/m2
What are increased levels of CO caused by?
Increased levels of nervous tone (sympathetic)
Hypertrophy
(Changes in contractility and HR)
What are decreased levels of CO caused by?
Variety of problems ex. CAD, cardiac failure, pathologies
Normal RAP/CO (Resting values)
RAP = 0mmHg CO= 5 L/min
Hypereffective heart (nervous response) Max Values
RAP >= 4 mmHG
CO =25 L/min
Normal RAP/CO (Max Values)
RAP >=4 mmHg
CO= 13 L/min
Hypereffective heart (hypertrophy) Max values
RAP > = 4 mmHg
CO = 30-40 L/min
What does muscle mass increase by in hypereffective heart (hypertrophy)
50 to 75 %
What does CO increase by in hypereffective heart (hypertrophY)
60 to 100 %
What do the max values represent?
Summation of nervous response and hypertrophy
A 2 mmHg increase in intrapleural pressure means what?
It will take an additional 2 mmHg to fill the RA
Curve shifts to the right
What factors alter external pressure?
Cyclic changes in respiration
Breathing against negative pressure (shifts left)
Postiive pressure breathing (shifts right)
Opening thoracic cage (intrapleural pressure = 0mmHg) shifts curve to right 4 mmHG
Cardiac tamponade
How many mls will fill systemic vascular system without stretching vessels giving overall pressure of 0?
3560 mls
What is the normal systemic volume?
4500 mls
Adding 1000 mls to the 3500 mls will produce what change in pressure?
7 mmHg (1000 mls / 140 mls/mmHg)
What’s another name for mean systemic filling pressure?
Mean circulatory filling pressure
What is the resistance created by veins?
2/3
What is the resistance created by arterioles/small arteries?
1/3
What is the venous return equation
VR = Psf - RA/ Ven Resistance
What is the normal pressure in the central venous compartment?
0 mmHg
What causes a shift in cardiac function curve?
Change in cardiac effectiveness
Change in external pressure
What causes a shift in venous function curve?
Change in mean systemic filling pressure
change in venous resistance
What is the C for arteries?
2 ml/ mmHg
What is the C for veins?
110 ml/mmHg