Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Physiology & Pharmacology > Overview of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

central NS and peripheral NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the CNS made up of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the PNS made of?

A

the autonomic NS and somatic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many branches doe the autonomic NS have and what are the names?

A

2: sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS control?

A

provides innervation to the cardiovascular system, internal organs and SM

-BP, HR, breathing and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the sympathetic NS control?

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of the somatic NS?

A
  • permits voluntary coherent movement and locomotion

- innervates skin, joints, SM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three main regions of the brain?

A

1) forebrain: the telencephalon and diencephalon
2) brain stem
3) cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A
  • otherwise known as the cerebrum

- made of the cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

the four lobes: frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • controls voluntary movement
  • controls behaviour
  • attention, planning, decision making
  • motivation and emotional regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the parietal lobe control?

A
  • sensory processing and interpretation

- proprioception: balance of the body and eqm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory processing na dinterpretation

-memory: formation of the LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

-visual processing and interpretation: depth and distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the subcortical structures of the brain?

A

the hippocampus and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is the hippocampus and what is its function?

A
  • deep in the temporal lobe
  • learning, memory formation and retrieval regulation of the HPA axis
  • if damaged, can cause antergrade or retrograde amnesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the basal ganglia, what is their function and where is it located?

A
  • they are neural structures embedded deep within the cerebral hemisphere
  • there are 3 types: caudate, putamen and globes pallidus
  • they initiate and maintain movement

-if damaged can lead to diseases like Huntington’s and parkinsons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are gyri and sulci?

A
  • gyri are bumps on the brain
  • sulci are the grooves
  • if the grooves are particularly deep, they are called fissures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the main sulci?

A
  • central sulcus
  • precentral sulcus: responsible for somatic sensations and touch
  • post central sulcus: voluntary movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some prominent fissures?

A

the lateral Sylvian fissure has the superior temporal gyrus responsible for audition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

the division of the forebrain situated between the cerebral and mid brain
-consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus

22
Q

what is the thalamus and what is it’s function?

A
  • large collection of neutrons located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon
  • relay between sensory and motor systems and cerebral cortex
  • regulate arousal and pain, mood, motivation, cognitive functions

-synaesthesia: merging of the senses

23
Q

what is the the hypothalamus and it’s function?

A
  • small collection of neurones located directly above the brain stem
  • has homeostatic and reproductive functions
  • responsible for fight or flight response

-diseasesL hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

24
Q

what are the 3 regions of the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

25
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A

controls eye movements, auditory and visual processing

26
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

relay of motor neurone from cerebral hemisphere to medulla, spinal cord and cerebellum

27
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • cardiovascular and repiratory homeostasis

- reflexive actions

28
Q

what does it mean if you are braindead?

A

inability to regain consciousness or breath w/o the support of an artificial life support machine
-loss of blood circulation to all brainstem regions

29
Q

what is locked-in syndrome?

A
  • awake and conscious but with no means of producing speech or movement
  • loss of blood circulation to pons
30
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

the prominent hindbrain and accounts to 10% of brain mass

31
Q

what is the function fo the cerebellum?

A

-does not initiate movement but detects differences in ‘motor error’ between an intended movement and actual movement
-aids motor cortex to produce and coordinate a movement
-importnat in synchronisation of movement w musical rhythm
= highly conserved across animal kingdom

32
Q

how is the spinal cord structured?

A
  • cervical vertebrae: loacted in the neck (C1-C7)
  • thoracic vertebrae: attached to the ribs (T1-T12)
  • lumbar vertebrae: located in lower back (L1-L5)
  • sacral vertebrae: ;platted within pelvic area (S1-S5)
33
Q

how do spinal nerves communicate w SC?

A

via notches between vertebrae

34
Q

how is the vertebral notches split?

A

into 2 notches: dorsal and ventral

35
Q

describe the dorsal root

A

bundle of sensory neuron axons that carry sensory info into the SC

36
Q

describe the ventral root

A

bundle of motor neurone that carry info away from the SC to striated muscle

37
Q

how is the SC organised?

A
  • by white matter: composition of axon bundle divided into columns
  • by grey matter: composition of neuronal cell bodies divided into horns
38
Q

what is the function of the SC

A
  • contains motor neurone that innervate SKM and allow movement
  • contains motor tracts that carry information for motor movement
  • recieves sensory info from periphery of the body
  • contains pathways where info is transmitted to the brain
39
Q

what are motor neurone pools to the skeletal muscle influenced by?

A

by the descending systems: motor cortex and brainstem centres

40
Q

what does the motor cortex do?

A

planning, initiating and directing voluntary movements controlled by basal ganglia

41
Q

what does the brain stem centre do?

A

-ensures basic movement and postural control controlled by cerebellum

42
Q

how is a reflex movement created?

A

sensory inputs to the local circuit neurones

43
Q

what is tetraplegia?

A

full or partial loss of sensation and movement in all 4 limbs and torso caused by damage in cervical area (C1-C5)

44
Q

what is paraplegia?

A

full or partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs (and torso- depending on location of lesion)

-causes by damage in thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5) or sacral (S1-S5) areas

45
Q

how is the brain supported and protected?

A
  • by the meninges
  • the ventricular system of the brain
  • the vasculature of the brain
46
Q

what are the meninges?

A

-the 3 layers that cover the brain and SC

47
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges and what are the main functions?

A
  • the dura mater, the arachnoid membrane and Pia mater

- they protect the brain

48
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A

the passage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fill the spaces that lie at core of the forebrain and brainstem

49
Q

what is the ventricular system made of?

A

lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

50
Q

what is the function of the ventricular system?

A
  • protection of the brain: acts as a cushion for physical shock
  • regulation of buoyancy
51
Q

what is the vasculature system?

A

2 pairs of arteries supplying blood to the brain:

  • internal carotid arteries (anterior circulation): supplies to forebrain
  • vertebral arteries (posterior circulation): supplies to brainstem, cerebellum, upper SC
52
Q

what is the function of the vasculature system?

A
  • O2 supply
  • CO2 removal
  • transport of nutrients and waste products

Fundamentals of Physiology & Pharmacology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions