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MIMM 214 > Overview of the Immune System (Part 2) > Flashcards

Overview of the Immune System (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 words to describe receptors in the innate immune?

A
  1. encoded in germline (prescribed)
  2. limited number
  3. unchanging
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2
Q

what are 3 types of phagocytic cells?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. neutrophils
  3. dendritic cells
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3
Q

what is the function of innate response?

A

local inflammation

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4
Q

how does the innate response change with repeat infection?

A

it is the same each time

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5
Q

when does the adaptive response develop?

A

5-6+ days

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6
Q

describe the receptors in the adaptive response

A

randomly generated and highly diverse + specific

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7
Q

what are the 3 results of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. SPECIFIC immune responses
  2. clear infections
  3. memory
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8
Q

how does the adaptive response change with repeat infection?

A

response becomes more rapid and effective with each subsequent exposure

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9
Q

how long does the innate immune response usually last?

A

up to days

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10
Q

what is the first step of infection?

A

pathogen breaches the epithelial cell layer and enters the body

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11
Q

how do local innate immune cells recognize the pathogen?

A

by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) expressed by the sensor immune cells

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12
Q

what is the role of PRRs?

A

they are receptors that differentiate btwn self and non-self and recognize PAMPs

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13
Q

what part of the pathogen is recognized by immune cells?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMPs)

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14
Q

what are PAMPs?

A

foreign structures that are common to types of pathogens/microorganisms

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15
Q

what happens once PAMPs on pathogens are detected by PRRs on dendritic cells?

A

dendritic cells become activated

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16
Q

what happens once PAMPs on pathogens are detected by PRRs on macrophages and neutrophils?

A

macrophages and neutrophils can induce effector functions on cells, like phagocytosis

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17
Q

how do macrophages and neutrophils amplify the immune response?

A

produce cytokines and chemokines

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18
Q

what is the role of chemokines and cytokines?

A

inflammation

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19
Q

what 2 effects do chemokines and cytokines have on blood vessels?

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. vascular permeability
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20
Q

what 3 things do vasodilation and vascular permeability lead to?

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
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21
Q

what effect do cytokines and chemokines have on immune cells in the blood?

A

they recruit them from the bloodstream to the tissue at the site of infection

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22
Q

what does immune cell migration into tissue cause?

A

pain

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23
Q

what are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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24
Q

what is the role of dendritic cells?

A

present antigen to T cells to activate them

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25
Q

where are immature dendritic cells located?

A

in peripheral tissue

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26
Q

where do activated dendritic cells migrate when they carry an antigen?

A

migrate to lymphatic system and lymphoid organs

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27
Q

where does T and B cell activation occur?

A

lymph node

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28
Q

what is the order of cell activation with dendritic, T, and B cells?

A

Dendritic cells activates T cells which activates B cells

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29
Q

what type of cells activate T cells (i.e. what type of cells are dendritic cells)?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

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30
Q

what are the 3 signals that occur to activate T cells?

A
  1. activation
  2. survival
  3. differentiation
31
Q

what part of the antigen is presented by APCs?

A

epitope

32
Q

what molecule on the APC is used to present the antigen to the T cell?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

33
Q

what does the MHC interact with?

A

TCR

34
Q

how is the epitope produced from an antigen?

A

proteases break down the antigen

35
Q

what determines the specificity of T and B cells to their antigen?

A

receptors

36
Q

where are T cell receptors (TCR) located?

A

on membrane only

37
Q

where are B cell receptors (BCR) located?

A

on membrane or secreted as antibodies

38
Q

what are antibodies?

A

secreted immunoglobulin molecules

39
Q

what are antibodies made by?

A

made by B lymphocytes and its progeny

40
Q

what do antibodies bind?

A

antigens

41
Q

where are antibodies located?

A

in serum

42
Q

are 2 antibodies able to bind the same epitopes on the same antigen?

A

yes

43
Q

where do B cells arise and mature?

A

in bone marrow

44
Q

where do T cells arise and mature?

A

arise from bone marrow progenitors and are generated + mature in thymus

45
Q

what is different about how TCR and BCRs recognize antigens?

A

TCR only recognize epitopes, BCR can recognize full antigens

46
Q

describe the specificity of individual B and T cells for an antigen

A

each cell has individual specificity for 1 antigen –> each cell has many copies of 1 receptor for 1 antigen

47
Q

is each lymphocyte specific or does it have many types of receptors?

A

each lymphocyte is very specific and contains many copies of 1 receptor

48
Q

what does having many types of specific lymphocytes allow for?

A

allows for a huge diversity of lymphocytes, so the body is ready to respond to any antigen

49
Q

how is the diversity of lymphocytes accomplished?

A

by rearranging and editing genomic DNA encoding for the antigen receptors

50
Q

how are self-reactive cells removed?

A

if a lymphocyte reacts to a self antigen during development, it is removed

51
Q

when are lymphocytes selected for activation?

A

when the lymphocyte interacts with its specific antigen, it is selected and becomes activated

52
Q

what happens to lymphocytes once they become activated?

A

lymphocytes proliferate to produce many clones

53
Q

describe the clones produced from activated lymphocytes?

A

each clone is reactive against the antigen

54
Q

why does our body need to make clones of lymphocytes?

A

bc there is always a lot of pathogen

55
Q

what type of cells do lymphocytes become once they are activated in lymphoid organs?

A

effector cells

56
Q

what are effector cells?

A

cells that can fight infections

57
Q

what type of immunity is used by B cells and antibodies?

A

humoral immunity

58
Q

what type of immunity is used by T cells?

A

cell-mediated immunity

59
Q

what are 3 possible functions of cell-mediated immuntiy?

A
  1. some activate B cells
  2. some help to activate macrophages
  3. some kill infected cells
60
Q

in what situation would cell-mediated immunity by T cells need to help activate macrophages?

A

if the macrophage has taken up a pathogen which prevents phagocytosis

61
Q

what are the 2 roles of antibodies in humoral immunity?

A
  1. clear the antigen
  2. neutralize the antigen
62
Q

how do antibodies clear the antigen?

A

bind the pathogen to recruit phagocytic cells

63
Q

how do antibodies neutralize the antigen?

A

bind the antigen so it can’t bind anything else

64
Q

what happens once the infection has cleared (2)?

A
  1. downregulate T cells
  2. memory
65
Q

what is immunization?

A

deliberate induction of an adaptive immune response

66
Q

what are the 4 types of immunization?

A
  1. active - natural
  2. active - induced
  3. passive - natural
  4. passive - natural
67
Q

what does active immunization require?

A

requires a working immune system

67
Q

what does active immunization require?

A

requires a working immune system

68
Q

what is natural active immunization?

A

natural infection

69
Q

what is induced active immunization?

A

vaccination

70
Q

what is passive immunization?

A

with cells/molecules that mediate immunity

71
Q

what is natural passive immunization?

A

mother-to-fetus transfer of antibodies

72
Q

what is induced passive immunization?

A

monoclonal antibody therapy

73
Q

what does the immune system do in passive immuization?

A

nothing

MIMM 214 (33 decks)

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