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MIMM 214 > Overview of the Immune System (Part 1) > Flashcards

Overview of the Immune System (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

different pathogens require ________ immune responses

A

different pathogens require different immune responses

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2
Q

what type of immune response do viruses use?

A

intracellular

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3
Q

what type of immune response do bacteria use?

A

extracellular

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4
Q

what are 2 difference btwn intracellular and extracellular pathogens with respect to the immune system?

A
  1. difference in processing
  2. difference in type of response
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5
Q

what are the 2 types of immune systems used by vertebrates?

A
  1. innate immunity
  2. adaptive immunity
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6
Q

what are the 3 types of major players involved in the immune response?

A
  1. organs + tissues
  2. cells
  3. molecules
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7
Q

what are the 4 main types of tissues of the immune system?

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus
  3. lymphatic system
  4. lymph nodes
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8
Q

do immune cells stay in one part of the body all the time?

A

no, they travel throughout the body

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9
Q

what occurs at the primary/central lymphoid organs?

A

immune cells develop

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10
Q

what are the 2 primary/central lymphoid organs?

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus
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11
Q

what occurs at the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

immune cells activate and initiate immune response

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12
Q

what are the 4 secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs? which one is the main one?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
  4. other diffuse and loosely organized areas

lymph nodes are main one

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13
Q

how are the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs connected?

A

by the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems

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14
Q

do innate and adaptive immunity use the same cells?

A

some are the same, some are different

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15
Q

what are the 3 main cells in innate immunity?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. mast cells
  3. monocytes
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16
Q

what are the 3 main cells in adaptive immunity?

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. T regulatory cells
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17
Q

what are the 3 types of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
  3. NK cells
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18
Q

immune cells are aka _________ and _________

A

immune cells are aka leukocytes or WBC

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19
Q

where do all immune cells originate?

A

in the bone marrow

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20
Q

what type of cell do all mature blood cells arise from?

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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21
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the process by which HSC differentiate into mature blood cells

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22
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

HSCs are _________

A

pluripotent

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24
Q

what does pluripotent mean?

A

can generate almost every cell type

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25
Q

what are the 2 main lineages for the origins of immune cells?

A
  1. lymphoid
  2. myeloid
26
Q

what type of cell derives from HSC for the lymphoid lineage?

A

common lymphoid progenitor

27
Q

what type of cell derives from HSC for the myeloid lineage?

A

common myeloid progenitor

28
Q

what type of cell is ILC?

29
Q

where do immune cells go after they are produced (3)?

A
  1. reside in tissues/organs
  2. blood
  3. lymphatic system
30
Q

what are the 7 types of cells produced by the myeloid lineage

A
  1. RBCs
  2. Granulocytes
  3. Megakaryocytes
  4. Monocytes
  5. Macrophages
  6. Neutrophils
  7. Immature dendritic cells
31
Q

what is the role of RBC in the immune system?

A

generate antimicrobial compounds

32
Q

what are 4 types of granulocytes and their function?

A
  1. NEUTROPHILS: direct harm to pathogen
  2. BASOPHILS: inflammation, allergies
  3. MAST CELLS: inflammation, allergies
  4. EOSINOPHILS: antiviral, antiparasitic
33
Q

what determines which granulocyte is used?

A

depends on the type of pathogen

34
Q

what is the role of megakaryocytes?

A

produce platelets for clotting

35
Q

what happens to monocytes once they are produced?

A

they migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

36
Q

what is the main role of macrophages and neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

what is another function of macrophages besides phagocytosis?

A

antigen presentation to T cells

38
Q

what do immature dendritic cells do?

A

capture antigen –> mature –> migrate –> present antigen to T cells

39
Q

what are the most potent antigen-presenting cells for activating T cells?

A

dendritic cells

40
Q

why are dendritic cells known as the bridge btwn innate and adaptive immunity?

A

they are involved in detecting infection and activate adaptive immunity

41
Q

what are the 3 main types of cells that are produced from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A
  1. B lymphocytes/B cells
  2. T lymphocytes/T cells
  3. NK cells
42
Q

what are clusters of differentiation?

A

lymphocytes all look similar but their CD make them different from each other

43
Q

what type of immunity are lymphocytes responsible for?

A

adaptive immunity

44
Q

what allows lymphocytes to be specific?

A

T and B cells have receptors on their cell surface

45
Q

what type of receptor is on B cells?

A

B Cell Receptor

46
Q

where is the B cell receptor located? (2)

A
  1. bound to membrane
  2. secreted as antibodies
47
Q

where is the T cell receptor located?

A

bound to membrane

48
Q

what does the activation of the innate immune response produce?

A

signal molecules

49
Q

what are the 4 roles of signal molecules in the immune system?

A
  1. stimulate and direct the adaptive immune responses
  2. communicate btwn/within cells
  3. mediate interactions btwn cells
  4. trigger changes in target cells
50
Q

what are 5 examples of changes in target cells that are triggered by signal molecules?

A
  1. activation
  2. signaling
  3. migration
  4. transcription
  5. cellular differentiation
51
Q

what are the 4 main types of molecules in the immune system?

A
  1. secreted proteins
  2. receptors on cell surface
  3. intracellular signaling molecules, transcription factors
  4. antigen
52
Q

what are the 2 types of secreted proteins?

A
  1. cytokines
  2. chemokines
53
Q

what is the general role of secreted proteins?

A

cell communication

54
Q

what is the role of cytokines?

55
Q

what is the role of chemokines?

A

subset of cytokines that recruit specific cells to a site for cell attraction

56
Q

what are the 2 roles of receptors on cell surface?

A
  1. cytokines/chemokines bind to target cells thru receptors
  2. cells interact with each other thru receptors
57
Q

what causes intracellular signaling?

A

many stimuli, including cyto/chemokine binding

58
Q

describe the steps of how a monocyte can enter the tissue

A
  1. monocytes are circulating in blood and rolling along the endothelium
  2. tissue releases chemokines to recruit monocytes
  3. monocyte receptors bind chemokines
  4. monocyte can enter tissue
59
Q

what is an antigen?

A

specific molecules that can trigger an immune response

60
Q

what are most antigens made of?

61
Q

what are 5 other things antigens can be made of?

A
  1. nucleic acid
  2. polysaccharide
  3. lipid
  4. organic chemicals
  5. drugs
62
Q

what is an epitope?

A

part of an antigen that is recognized by a receptor on an immune cell

MIMM 214 (33 decks)

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