Overview of the Four Broad Conceptual Orientations Flashcards
___ is a road map that guides the therapist from Point A to Point B. Indeed, there can be no ___ without therapeutic actions, and the ___ emanate from ___.
Theory;
Therapy;
Therapeutic Actions;
Theory
A ___ is a fundamental element of psychotherapy. Choice of a theory involves multiple consideration part of the ___ and the ___.
Therapist;
Client
A ___ offers us a comprehensive system of doing counseling and assists us in conceptualizing our clients’ problems, knowing wat techniques to apply, and predicting client change.
Counseling Theory
Having a theory indicates that we are not practicing chaotically; rather, that there is ___ in the way we ___ our clients.
Some order;
Approach
The most important aspect of any theory is its ___, which is critical to the ___.
View of Human Nature;
Formation of the Theory’s Template
The four Conceptual Orientations to Counseling are: ___, ___, ___, and ___.`
Psychodynamic Approaches;
Existential-Humanistic Approaches;
Cognitive-Behavorial Approaches;
Postmodern Approaches
Approach: It began with Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in the late 1800s.
Psychodynamic Approaches
___ who developed quite a following early in the twentieth century, dominated the psychodynamic field for almost half a century.
Sigmund Freud
In psychodynamic approaches, the functioning of the person in some deeply personal and dynamic ways.
Unconscious and conscious
In psychodynamic approaches, theories all look at early ___ practices as being ___ in the development of the personality.
childrearing;
Important;
In psychodynamic approaches, ___ and ___ with ___ and ___ factors, are important in the therapeutic process.
examining the past;
dynamic interaction of the past;
conscious;
unconscious
___ is the first comprehensive psychotherapeutic approach.
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is steeped in ___, or the notion that ___ and ___ greatly affect behavior.
Biological Determination;
Instincts and drives
Freud suggested that we are born with raw psychic energy called ___.
Instincts
The ___ or ___, meets our basic need for love and intimacy, sex and survival for the individual and the species.
Life instinct;
Eros
Traditional psychoanalysis is a long-term, in-depth process in which the client may meet with a therapist ___ or more times a week for ___ or more years.
Three;
Five
It is when the client projects past patterns from significant early relationships onto the counselor. To encourage this relationship, the counselor remains relatively aloof from the client.
Transference relationship
Psychoanalysts initially use a fair amount of ___ while encouraging clients to share their deepest thoughts.
empathy
It is where the clients are encouraged to say anything that comes to their minds to allow for the uninhibited expression of unconscious desires and repressed memories.
Free Association
Interpretation of ___, ___, and ___ are also used to reveal unconscious meanings that may be symbolic of repressed wishes and desires.
Client Resistance, Defense Mechanisms, Parapraxes
It is where the therapist interprets client projections, including client projections onto the therapist, are examined in terms of how they relate to past patterns in early relationships.
Analysis of the Transference Relationship
Examples of Psychoanalytic Approach to Counseling are ___ and ___.
Analytical Psychology (Jungian Therapy) and Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)
One approach under the Psychoanalytic Approaches is ___ where understanding our personal unconscious (e.g., our repressed attitudes and mental functions; our complexes) and our collective unconscious (our archetypes) are critical goals in analytical therapy and are achieved by examining our dreams, amplifying the meaning symbols have in our lives, participating in creative techniques (e.g., working with clay), and a process Jung called active imagination.
Analytical Psychology (Jungian Theory)
One approach under the Psychoanalytic Approaches is ___, where The
purpose of the therapeutic relationship in individual psychology is to help clients gain insight into how their current style of life is not working for them and develop new behaviors that will lead to healthier relationships highlighted by empathy, a sense of belonging, and cooperation
Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)
Approach: American counselors and psychotherapists began to see the value in some of these thinkers’ explorations of the struggles of living and how people construct meaning in their lives, eventually embracing some of their concepts and adapting them to the counseling relationship.
Existential-Humanistic Approaches
The Existential-Humanistic Approaches to counseling are ___, ___, and ___ than the earlier psychodynamic approaches.
Optimistic;
Less deterministic;
More humane
Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a ___ by stressing the subjective reality of the client, deemphasizing the role of the ___, and focusing on the importance of ___ and ___.
phenomenological perspective;
unconscious;
consciousness and awareness
Existential–humanistic therapy stresses the ___ and how the counselor uses ___ in the
relationship to effect change.
counselor’s personal qualities;
himself or herself
Most existential-humanistic approaches believe in an ___ for individuals to ___, or ___. if they are afforded an environment conducive to growth.
inborn tendency;
self-actualize;
fulfill their potential
In Existential-Humanistic Approaches, ___ is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist.
Ludwig Binswanger
In Existential-Humanistic Approaches, ___ is seen as the person who popularized this approach through his form of existential therapy called ___, “meaning therapy”.
Viktor Frankl;
Logotherapy
Existential therapists believe that people are ___. People are not born good or bad; they are just thrust into the cosmos.
born into a world that has no inherent meaning or purpose
Because life has no inherent meaning, each of us is charged with the responsibility of making it ___.
meaningful through the choices we make
Major Points of Existential Therapy:
1. We are born into a world that ___.
2. We are born ___ and we will die ___.
3. We alone make our lives ___.
4. We bring ___ into our lives through the choices that we make.
5. Meaningful choices occur only if we are ___.
6. ____ are a natural part of living and are important messages about how we live and relate to others.
7. ___ is experienced through the realization that we choose our existence.
8. With the recognition that we choose our existence comes the responsibility to
___.
- We are born into a world that has little inherent meaning.
- We are born alone and we will die alone.
- We alone make our lives meaningful.
- We bring meaningfulness into our lives through the choices that we make.
- Meaningful choices occur only if we are conscious of our aloneness and our limited time on Earth.
- Anxiety, feelings of dread, and having struggles are a natural part of living and are important messages about how we live and relate to others.
- Limited freedom is experienced through the realization that we choose our existence.
- With the recognition that we choose our existence comes the responsibility to
choose wisely for ourselves and to recognize how those choices affect those close to us and all people.
Other Points of Existential Therapy:
1. The importance of the ___.
2. Discuss the ___ and how it might apply to the individual’s particular life circumstances.
3. Be ___ with the client.
4. View the therapeutic process as a ___.
- The importance of the relationship between the therapist and the client.
- Discuss the philosophy of existential psychotherapy and how it might apply to the individual’s particular life circumstances.
- Be authentic with the client.
- View the therapeutic process as a shared journey. (genuineness)
Examples of Existential–Humanistic Approaches are: ___ and ___.
Person-Centered Counseling;
Gestalt Therapy
One approach under Existential-Humanistic Approach is ___ which was proposed by ___, who greatly changed the face of psychotherapy with the development of his nondirective approach to counseling. Considered most influential psychotherapist of the twentieth century.
Person-Centered Counseling
Person-Centered Counseling was first called ___.
Client-centered therapy
Rogers believed that people had an ___ and if placed in a nurturing environment, they would develop into fully aware, functioning selves.
Actualizing Tendency
However, Rogers postulated that all too often, an individual’s natural growth process is thwarted as others place ___ on the person.
Conditions of Worth
According to Rogers, because the person has a strong ___ by other, he or she may act in ___, ___ ways and develop a ___ in order to meet these conditions of worth.
need to be regarded positively;
unnatural;
unreal;
distorted sense of self
The Core Conditions of Person Centered Counseling are ___, ___, and ___.
Congruence or genuineness;
Unconditional positive regard;
Empathic understanding
One approach under Existential-Humanistic is ___, which was created by ___ (1893–1970), a German Jew who fled Nazi Germany.
Gestalt Therapy;
Fritz Perls (1893–1970)
Perls developed a highly directive approach that pushes clients to ___ and ___.
confront their unfinished business;
live a more real and sane life
Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant ___ through a process of ___.
state of self-regulation;
need identification and need fulfillment
Gestalt therapists believe that the individual’s pressing need dictates his or her ___.
perceptual field (what the person sees)
Gestalt therapists
state, the individual is only aware of the ___.
need that is in the
foreground
Because needs can vary dramatically, Gestalt theory ___ with the psychoanalytic view, which suggests that a limited number of instincts drive behavior (e.g., hunger, thirst, survival, sex, aggression), or the Maslowian (humanistic) idea that basic needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) are addressed prior to higher-order needs (love and belonging, self-esteem).
contrast
According to Gestalt therapy, the healthy individual has a ___ that allows the individual to maintain a sense of self, while also allowing material from the environment to be ___, “___,” and ___as it becomes assimilated.
semipermeable boundary;
engulfed;
“chewed,”;
and taken in
According to Gestalt therapy, individuals have a constant free-flowing exchange between ___ and ___ (all that is outside of self), and this exchange causes the ___, or ego, to be constantly changing; that is, as needs are met, the ___.
self;
other;
self;
self changes
Techniques to Gestalt therapy:
1. ___ Exercises
2. Use of “___” Statements
3. The ___ technique
4. ___-chair technique
5. Playing the ___
6. Turning ___ into ___ about the self
- Awareness Exercises
- Use of “I” Statements
- The exaggeration technique
- Empty-chair technique
- Playing the projection
- Turning questions into statements about the self
The Gestalt therapist is an ___, ___
therapist who has an existential–humanistic orientation.
active;
directive
Although ___ therapist shares many similar goals
with the existential and person-centered therapists, the
ways of reaching those goals vary dramatically.
Gestalt
___, ___ or ___, and ___ or ___ are the three Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches.
Classical Conditioning;
Reinforcement and Punishment;
Operant Conditioning;
Social Learning or Modeling
___, ___, and ___ are the three proponents Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches.
Ivan Pavlov (1848–1936);
B.F. Skinner (1904–1990);
Albert Bandura (1940s)
Under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches, Ivan Pavlov (1848–1936) theorized ___.
Classical Conditioning
Behavioral Approaches, B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) theorized ___ or ___.
Reinforcement and Punishment;
Operant
Conditioning
In recent years, cognitive therapists have focused on how deeply ___, or ___,
can be conditioned in a similar way as behaviors.
embedded cognitive structures;
illogical and irrational ways of thinking
Cognitive therapists believe that old dysfunctional cognitions can be extinguished, and new, more functional cognitions can be adopted through ___.
counter-conditioning
Some of the common assumptions underlying these approaches include the following:
1. The individual is ___ of developing a multitude of personality characteristics.
2. ___ play a particularly important role in how the individual is conditioned.
3. ___ may play a significant role in who we become.
4. One needs to ___ need to be changed and focus on changing them.
5. Behaviors and cognitions are generally conditioned ___.
- The individual is born capable of developing a multitude of personality characteristics.
- Significant others and cultural influences play a particularly important role in how the individual is conditioned.
- Genetics and other biological factors may play a significant role in who we become.
- One needs to determine what behaviors and thoughts need to be changed and focus on changing them.
5. Behaviors and cognitions are generally conditioned in very complex and subtle ways.
The four Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches are: ___, ___, ___, and ___.
Modern-Day Behavior Therapy;
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT);
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy;
Reality Therapy
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which uses a wide variety of techniques from operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and modeling in an effort to help the client change behaviors and feel better about himself or herself.
Modern-Day Behavior Therapy
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which asserts that we are fallible human beings who have the potential for rational or irrational thinking.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
In line with the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, your ___, ___, and ___ are interconnected, and that ___ can trap you in a negative cycle.
thoughts;
feelings;
actions;
negative thoughts and feelings
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which focuses on improving present relationships and circumstances with less concern and discussion of past events.
Reality Therapy
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which is based on the idea that our most important need is to be loved, to feel that we belong and that all other basic needs can be satisfied only by building strong connections with others.
Reality Therapy
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which sees behavior as choices.
Reality Therapy
One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which teaches us that while we cannot control how we feel, we can control how we think and behave.
Reality Therapy
Approach: ___ suggests that there is no one way to understand the world, no foundational set of rules to make sense of who we are, and no one approach to communication in understanding a person.
Postmoderism
The process of ___ starts by examining the clients’ knowledge and theories regarding the problems that made them seek therapy.
postmodern therapy
In ___, clients are questioned by therapists based on the need to know more about what has been said or finding out what is not known.
Postmodern Approaches
In postmodern approaches, therapists might ask clients how ___ have contributed or limited their relationship.
Cultural differences
Rather than harp on past problems that tent to be embedded in oppressive belief systems, postmodern approaches suggest that clients can find ___ and ___.
find exceptions;
develop creative solutions;
One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is a method of therapy that separates a person from their problem.
Narrative Therapy
One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which encourages people to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives.
Narrative Therapy
Narrative therapy has four phases: ___, ___, ___ and ___.
The joining phase;
Examining Patterns;
Reauthoring;
Moving on
In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ occurs when the therapist meets the client, begins to build a relationship, and invites the client to share his or her problem-saturated story.
Joining Phase
In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client is invited to examine stories that contradict, deny, or oppose the problem-saturated story.
Examining Patterns
In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client begins to build new, more positive stories.
Reauthoring
In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client has developed a new, more positive outlook on life and is ready to leave therapy.
Moving on
One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is a pragmatic, optimistic, anti-deterministic, and future-oriented approach that believes in the ability of the client to change.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
The characteristics of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy are ___, ___, ___ and ___.
Pragmatic;
optimistic;
Anti-deterministic;
Future-oriented
One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which rejects the notion that individuals have an inherent tendency toward mental health problems or illnesses and focuses almost exclusively on solutions and on client strengths, not on client deficits or problems.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
To work quickly and effectively with clients, SFBT uses a variety of techniques that can be seen through the following six stages:
Stage 0: ___ Change.
Stage 1: Forming a ___p.
Stage 2: Describing the ___.
Stage 3: Establishing ___.
Stage 4: ___ Focus.
Stage 5: Reaching ___.
Stage 6: Ending ___.
To work quickly and effectively with clients, SFBT uses a variety of techniques that can be seen through the following six stages:
Stage 0: Pre-Session Change.
Stage 1: Forming a Collaborative Relationship.
Stage 2: Describing the Problem.
Stage 3: Establishing Preferred Goals.
Stage 4: Problem-To-Solution Focus.
Stage 5: Reaching Preferred Goals.
Stage 6: Ending Therapy
In postmodern approaches, because therapy is brief, as soon as the preferred goals are reached, therapy is ___.
Therapy
In postmodern approaches, ___ can be conducted to ensure that clients are continuing their solution focused orientation.
Follow-up
One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is one of the newest and more popular forms of counseling and seems to fit in well with the fast-paced world and the demands by some insurance companies to help clients quickly.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
