Overview of the Four Broad Conceptual Orientations

Question 1

___ is a road map that guides the therapist from Point A to Point B. Indeed, there can be no ___ without therapeutic actions, and the ___ emanate from ___.

Answer 1

Theory;
Therapy;
Therapeutic Actions;
Theory

Question 2

A ___ is a fundamental element of psychotherapy. Choice of a theory involves multiple consideration part of the ___ and the ___.

Answer 2

Therapist;
Client

Question 3

A ___ offers us a comprehensive system of doing counseling and assists us in conceptualizing our clients’ problems, knowing wat techniques to apply, and predicting client change.

Answer 3

Counseling Theory

Question 4

Having a theory indicates that we are not practicing chaotically; rather, that there is ___ in the way we ___ our clients.

Answer 4

Some order;
Approach

Question 5

The most important aspect of any theory is its ___, which is critical to the ___.

Answer 5

View of Human Nature;
Formation of the Theory’s Template

Question 6

The four Conceptual Orientations to Counseling are: ___, ___, ___, and ___.`

Answer 6

Psychodynamic Approaches;
Existential-Humanistic Approaches;
Cognitive-Behavorial Approaches;
Postmodern Approaches

Question 7

Approach: It began with Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis in the late 1800s.

Answer 7

Psychodynamic Approaches

Question 8

___ who developed quite a following early in the twentieth century, dominated the psychodynamic field for almost half a century.

Answer 8

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

In psychodynamic approaches, the functioning of the person in some deeply personal and dynamic ways.

Answer 9

Unconscious and conscious

Question 10

In psychodynamic approaches, theories all look at early ___ practices as being ___ in the development of the personality.

Answer 10

childrearing;
Important;

Question 11

In psychodynamic approaches, ___ and ___ with ___ and ___ factors, are important in the therapeutic process.

Answer 11

examining the past;
dynamic interaction of the past;
conscious;
unconscious

Question 12

___ is the first comprehensive psychotherapeutic approach.

Answer 12

Psychoanalysis

Question 13

Psychoanalysis is steeped in ___, or the notion that ___ and ___ greatly affect behavior.

Answer 13

Biological Determination;
Instincts and drives

Question 14

Freud suggested that we are born with raw psychic energy called ___.

Answer 14

Instincts

Question 15

The ___ or ___, meets our basic need for love and intimacy, sex and survival for the individual and the species.

Answer 15

Life instinct;
Eros

Question 16

Traditional psychoanalysis is a long-term, in-depth process in which the client may meet with a therapist ___ or more times a week for ___ or more years.

Answer 16

Three;
Five

Question 17

It is when the client projects past patterns from significant early relationships onto the counselor. To encourage this relationship, the counselor remains relatively aloof from the client.

Answer 17

Transference relationship

Question 18

Psychoanalysts initially use a fair amount of ___ while encouraging clients to share their deepest thoughts.

Answer 18

empathy

Question 19

It is where the clients are encouraged to say anything that comes to their minds to allow for the uninhibited expression of unconscious desires and repressed memories.

Answer 19

Free Association

Question 20

Interpretation of ___, ___, and ___ are also used to reveal unconscious meanings that may be symbolic of repressed wishes and desires.

Answer 20

Client Resistance, Defense Mechanisms, Parapraxes

Question 21

It is where the therapist interprets client projections, including client projections onto the therapist, are examined in terms of how they relate to past patterns in early relationships.

Answer 21

Analysis of the Transference Relationship

Question 22

Examples of Psychoanalytic Approach to Counseling are ___ and ___.

Answer 22

Analytical Psychology (Jungian Therapy) and Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)

Question 23

One approach under the Psychoanalytic Approaches is ___ where understanding our personal unconscious (e.g., our repressed attitudes and mental functions; our complexes) and our collective unconscious (our archetypes) are critical goals in analytical therapy and are achieved by examining our dreams, amplifying the meaning symbols have in our lives, participating in creative techniques (e.g., working with clay), and a process Jung called active imagination.

Answer 23

Analytical Psychology (Jungian Theory)

Question 24

One approach under the Psychoanalytic Approaches is ___, where The
purpose of the therapeutic relationship in individual psychology is to help clients gain insight into how their current style of life is not working for them and develop new behaviors that will lead to healthier relationships highlighted by empathy, a sense of belonging, and cooperation

Answer 24

Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)

Question 25

Approach: American counselors and psychotherapists began to see the value in some of these thinkers’ explorations of the struggles of living and how people construct meaning in their lives, eventually embracing some of their concepts and adapting them to the counseling relationship.

Answer 25

Existential-Humanistic Approaches

Question 26

The Existential-Humanistic Approaches to counseling are ___, ___, and ___ than the earlier psychodynamic approaches.

Answer 26

Optimistic;
Less deterministic;
More humane

Question 27

Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a ___ by stressing the subjective reality of the client, deemphasizing the role of the ___, and focusing on the importance of ___ and ___.

Answer 27

phenomenological perspective;
unconscious;
consciousness and awareness

Question 28

Existential–humanistic therapy stresses the ___ and how the counselor uses ___ in the
relationship to effect change.

Answer 28

counselor’s personal qualities;
himself or herself

Question 29

Most existential-humanistic approaches believe in an ___ for individuals to ___, or ___. if they are afforded an environment conducive to growth.

Answer 29

inborn tendency;
self-actualize;
fulfill their potential

Question 30

In Existential-Humanistic Approaches, ___ is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist.

Answer 30

Ludwig Binswanger

Question 31

In Existential-Humanistic Approaches, ___ is seen as the person who popularized this approach through his form of existential therapy called ___, “meaning therapy”.

Answer 31

Viktor Frankl;
Logotherapy

Question 32

Existential therapists believe that people are ___. People are not born good or bad; they are just thrust into the cosmos.

Answer 32

born into a world that has no inherent meaning or purpose

Question 33

Because life has no inherent meaning, each of us is charged with the responsibility of making it ___.

Answer 33

meaningful through the choices we make

Question 34

Major Points of Existential Therapy:
1. We are born into a world that ___.
2. We are born ___ and we will die ___.
3. We alone make our lives ___.
4. We bring ___ into our lives through the choices that we make.
5. Meaningful choices occur only if we are ___.
6. ____ are a natural part of living and are important messages about how we live and relate to others.
7. ___ is experienced through the realization that we choose our existence.
8. With the recognition that we choose our existence comes the responsibility to
___.

Answer 34

1. We are born into a world that has little inherent meaning.
2. We are born alone and we will die alone.
3. We alone make our lives meaningful.
4. We bring meaningfulness into our lives through the choices that we make.
5. Meaningful choices occur only if we are conscious of our aloneness and our limited time on Earth.
6. Anxiety, feelings of dread, and having struggles are a natural part of living and are important messages about how we live and relate to others.
7. Limited freedom is experienced through the realization that we choose our existence.
8. With the recognition that we choose our existence comes the responsibility to
   choose wisely for ourselves and to recognize how those choices affect those close to us and all people.

Question 35

Other Points of Existential Therapy:
1. The importance of the ___.
2. Discuss the ___ and how it might apply to the individual’s particular life circumstances.
3. Be ___ with the client.
4. View the therapeutic process as a ___.

Answer 35

1. The importance of the relationship between the therapist and the client.
2. Discuss the philosophy of existential psychotherapy and how it might apply to the individual’s particular life circumstances.
3. Be authentic with the client.
4. View the therapeutic process as a shared journey. (genuineness)

Question 36

Examples of Existential–Humanistic Approaches are: ___ and ___.

Answer 36

Person-Centered Counseling;
Gestalt Therapy

Question 37

One approach under Existential-Humanistic Approach is ___ which was proposed by ___, who greatly changed the face of psychotherapy with the development of his nondirective approach to counseling. Considered most influential psychotherapist of the twentieth century.

Answer 37

Person-Centered Counseling

Question 38

Person-Centered Counseling was first called ___.

Answer 38

Client-centered therapy

Question 39

Rogers believed that people had an ___ and if placed in a nurturing environment, they would develop into fully aware, functioning selves.

Answer 39

Actualizing Tendency

Question 40

However, Rogers postulated that all too often, an individual’s natural growth process is thwarted as others place ___ on the person.

Answer 40

Conditions of Worth

Question 41

According to Rogers, because the person has a strong ___ by other, he or she may act in ___, ___ ways and develop a ___ in order to meet these conditions of worth.

Answer 41

need to be regarded positively;
unnatural;
unreal;
distorted sense of self

Question 42

The Core Conditions of Person Centered Counseling are ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 42

Congruence or genuineness;
Unconditional positive regard;
Empathic understanding

Question 43

One approach under Existential-Humanistic is ___, which was created by ___ (1893–1970), a German Jew who fled Nazi Germany.

Answer 43

Gestalt Therapy;
Fritz Perls (1893–1970)

Question 44

Perls developed a highly directive approach that pushes clients to ___ and ___.

Answer 44

confront their unfinished business;
live a more real and sane life

Question 45

Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant ___ through a process of ___.

Answer 45

state of self-regulation;
need identification and need fulfillment

Question 46

Gestalt therapists believe that the individual’s pressing need dictates his or her ___.

Answer 46

perceptual field (what the person sees)

Question 47

Gestalt therapists
state, the individual is only aware of the ___.

Answer 47

need that is in the
foreground

Question 48

Because needs can vary dramatically, Gestalt theory ___ with the psychoanalytic view, which suggests that a limited number of instincts drive behavior (e.g., hunger, thirst, survival, sex, aggression), or the Maslowian (humanistic) idea that basic needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) are addressed prior to higher-order needs (love and belonging, self-esteem).

Answer 48

contrast

Question 49

According to Gestalt therapy, the healthy individual has a ___ that allows the individual to maintain a sense of self, while also allowing material from the environment to be ___, “___,” and ___as it becomes assimilated.

Answer 49

semipermeable boundary;
engulfed;
“chewed,”;
and taken in

Question 50

According to Gestalt therapy, individuals have a constant free-flowing exchange between ___ and ___ (all that is outside of self), and this exchange causes the ___, or ego, to be constantly changing; that is, as needs are met, the ___.

Answer 50

self;
other;
self;
self changes

Question 51

Techniques to Gestalt therapy:
1. ___ Exercises
2. Use of “___” Statements
3. The ___ technique
4. ___-chair technique
5. Playing the ___
6. Turning ___ into ___ about the self

Answer 51

1. Awareness Exercises
2. Use of “I” Statements
3. The exaggeration technique
4. Empty-chair technique
5. Playing the projection
6. Turning questions into statements about the self

Question 52

The Gestalt therapist is an ___, ___
therapist who has an existential–humanistic orientation.

Answer 52

active;
directive

Question 53

Although ___ therapist shares many similar goals
with the existential and person-centered therapists, the
ways of reaching those goals vary dramatically.

Answer 53

Gestalt

Question 54

___, ___ or ___, and ___ or ___ are the three Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches.

Answer 54

Classical Conditioning;
Reinforcement and Punishment;
Operant Conditioning;
Social Learning or Modeling

Question 55

___, ___, and ___ are the three proponents Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches.

Answer 55

Ivan Pavlov (1848–1936);
B.F. Skinner (1904–1990);
Albert Bandura (1940s)

Question 56

Under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches, Ivan Pavlov (1848–1936) theorized ___.

Answer 56

Classical Conditioning

Question 57

Behavioral Approaches, B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) theorized ___ or ___.

Answer 57

Reinforcement and Punishment;
Operant
Conditioning

Question 58

In recent years, cognitive therapists have focused on how deeply ___, or ___,
can be conditioned in a similar way as behaviors.

Answer 58

embedded cognitive structures;
illogical and irrational ways of thinking

Question 59

Cognitive therapists believe that old dysfunctional cognitions can be extinguished, and new, more functional cognitions can be adopted through ___.

Answer 59

counter-conditioning

Question 60

Some of the common assumptions underlying these approaches include the following:
1. The individual is ___ of developing a multitude of personality characteristics.
2. ___ play a particularly important role in how the individual is conditioned.
3. ___ may play a significant role in who we become.
4. One needs to ___ need to be changed and focus on changing them.
5. Behaviors and cognitions are generally conditioned ___.

Answer 60

1. The individual is born capable of developing a multitude of personality characteristics.
2. Significant others and cultural influences play a particularly important role in how the individual is conditioned.
3. Genetics and other biological factors may play a significant role in who we become.
4. One needs to determine what behaviors and thoughts need to be changed and focus on changing them.
    5. Behaviors and cognitions are generally conditioned in very complex and subtle ways.

Question 61

The four Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches are: ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 61

Modern-Day Behavior Therapy;
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT);
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy;
Reality Therapy

Question 62

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which uses a wide variety of techniques from operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and modeling in an effort to help the client change behaviors and feel better about himself or herself.

Answer 62

Modern-Day Behavior Therapy

Question 63

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which asserts that we are fallible human beings who have the potential for rational or irrational thinking.

Answer 63

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Question 64

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave.

Answer 64

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Question 65

In line with the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, your ___, ___, and ___ are interconnected, and that ___ can trap you in a negative cycle.

Answer 65

thoughts;
feelings;
actions;
negative thoughts and feelings

Question 66

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which focuses on improving present relationships and circumstances with less concern and discussion of past events.

Answer 66

Reality Therapy

Question 67

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which is based on the idea that our most important need is to be loved, to feel that we belong and that all other basic needs can be satisfied only by building strong connections with others.

Answer 67

Reality Therapy

Question 68

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which sees behavior as choices.

Answer 68

Reality Therapy

Question 69

One approach under Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches is ___, which teaches us that while we cannot control how we feel, we can control how we think and behave.

Answer 69

Reality Therapy

Question 70

Approach: ___ suggests that there is no one way to understand the world, no foundational set of rules to make sense of who we are, and no one approach to communication in understanding a person.

Answer 70

Postmoderism

Question 71

The process of ___ starts by examining the clients’ knowledge and theories regarding the problems that made them seek therapy.

Answer 71

postmodern therapy

Question 72

In ___, clients are questioned by therapists based on the need to know more about what has been said or finding out what is not known.

Answer 72

Postmodern Approaches

Question 73

In postmodern approaches, therapists might ask clients how ___ have contributed or limited their relationship.

Answer 73

Cultural differences

Question 74

Rather than harp on past problems that tent to be embedded in oppressive belief systems, postmodern approaches suggest that clients can find ___ and ___.

Answer 74

find exceptions;
develop creative solutions;

Question 75

One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is a method of therapy that separates a person from their problem.

Answer 75

Narrative Therapy

Question 76

One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which encourages people to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives.

Answer 76

Narrative Therapy

Question 77

Narrative therapy has four phases: ___, ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 77

The joining phase;
Examining Patterns;
Reauthoring;
Moving on

Question 78

In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ occurs when the therapist meets the client, begins to build a relationship, and invites the client to share his or her problem-saturated story.

Answer 78

Joining Phase

Question 79

In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client is invited to examine stories that contradict, deny, or oppose the problem-saturated story.

Answer 79

Examining Patterns

Question 79

In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client begins to build new, more positive stories.

Answer 79

Reauthoring

Question 80

In the Narrative Therapy phases, ___ is when the client has developed a new, more positive outlook on life and is ready to leave therapy.

Answer 80

Moving on

Question 81

One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is a pragmatic, optimistic, anti-deterministic, and future-oriented approach that believes in the ability of the client to change.

Answer 81

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Question 82

The characteristics of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy are ___, ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 82

Pragmatic;
optimistic;
Anti-deterministic;
Future-oriented

Question 83

One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which rejects the notion that individuals have an inherent tendency toward mental health problems or illnesses and focuses almost exclusively on solutions and on client strengths, not on client deficits or problems.

Answer 83

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Question 84

To work quickly and effectively with clients, SFBT uses a variety of techniques that can be seen through the following six stages:
Stage 0: ___ Change.
Stage 1: Forming a ___p.
Stage 2: Describing the ___.
Stage 3: Establishing ___.
Stage 4: ___ Focus.
Stage 5: Reaching ___.
Stage 6: Ending ___.

Answer 84

To work quickly and effectively with clients, SFBT uses a variety of techniques that can be seen through the following six stages:
Stage 0: Pre-Session Change.
Stage 1: Forming a Collaborative Relationship.
Stage 2: Describing the Problem.
Stage 3: Establishing Preferred Goals.
Stage 4: Problem-To-Solution Focus.
Stage 5: Reaching Preferred Goals.
Stage 6: Ending Therapy

Question 85

In postmodern approaches, because therapy is brief, as soon as the preferred goals are reached, therapy is ___.

Answer 85

Therapy

Question 86

In postmodern approaches, ___ can be conducted to ensure that clients are continuing their solution focused orientation.

Answer 86

Follow-up

Question 87

One approach of Postmodern Approaches is ___, which is one of the newest and more popular forms of counseling and seems to fit in well with the fast-paced world and the demands by some insurance companies to help clients quickly.

Answer 87

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy