Overview Of The Brain Flashcards
Prosencephalon
Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the forebrain structures
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the midbrain
Rhombencephalon
Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the hindbrain
- medulla oblongata
- metencephalon
Above midbrain anatomical terms
Anterior = rostral
Posterior = caudal
Superior = dorsal
Inferior = ventral
Below the midbrain anatomical terms
Anterior= ventral
Posterior = dorsal
Superior = rostral
Inferior = caudal
Telencephalon
Cranial part of the forebrain and consists of the cerebrum
Contains both left and right cerebral hemispheres, falx cerebri, and corpus callosum
Broca’s area
Frontal lobe near primary motor cortex and temporal lobe. Functions to initiate motor-control functions of speech (movement of mouth and vocal cords)
Wernicke’s area
Located in parietal lobe near the somatosensory cortex and temporal lobe. Functions to interpret both speech and written communication
Broad overview of the development of the brain
Generates from 3 swellings at the cranial end of the neural tube
- prosencephalon
- mesencephalon
- rhombencephelon
Cerebral cortex
most superficial layer of gray matter that houses neuronal cell bodies
- contain patterns of gyri (ridges) and sulci (folds)
Subcortical white matter
Just deep to the cortex and contains the mass amount of myelinated nerve axons
- contains the corpus callosum and is responsible for sending information in and out of brain via the internal capsule
Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Groups of neural cell bodies that are embedded within the subcortical white matter at the deepest part of the layer
Conduct motor function
Lateral ventricle
Deepest layer of the cerebral hemisphere that is just inferior to the corpus callosum
Produce cerebrospinal fluid and is found in both cerebral hemisphere
Three sulci that are integral to determining lobes of the brain
Lateral sulcus: deep transverse fissure on the lateral surface of each hemisphere.
- separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
- just deep to the lateral sulci is the insular lobe*
Central sulcus: shallow sulcus at the midpoint of the superior surface and terminates just above the lateral sulci
- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Parietal-occipital sulci: shallow sulci on the medial surface of both hemispheres posterior to the corpus callosum
- separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
Primary motor cortex
Gyrus of the frontal lobe and houses the upper motor neurons that initiate voluntary movements
Somatosensory cortex
Gyrus of the parietal lobe that receives somatic sensory information from the body and relays it to the desired end points.
Visual cortex
Posterior region of the occipital lobe that functions to process visual information from the somatosensory cortex
Auditory cortex
Superior region of the temporal lobe that functions to process auditory information received by the somatosensory cortex
Diencephalon parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus w/ neurohypophysis (pituitary gland)
Epithalamus w/ pineal gland
Subthalamus
Third ventricle
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates cerebellum from the cerebrum
Cerebellum
Functions to modulate motor signals to produce smooth coordinated movements
Contain 3 cerebellar peduncles
- dense myelinated fiber bundles that transmit signals in and about of the cerebellum
Midline is called the vermis
Possess a gray matter cortex and subcortical white matter layer as well similar to the cerebrum
Brainstem
Functions to regulate and modulate subconscious bodily functions as well as house neuronal bodies of the cranial nerves
Has 3 parts and devolves thrombin the midbrain
Difference between gray and white matter in brain vs spinal cord
White matter
- inner portion of brain (tracts)
- outer portion of spinal cord (nerves)
Gray matter
- outer portion of brain (cell bodies)
- inner portion of spinal cord (cell bodies)
Central sulcus
Divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe as well as divides primary motor (frontal) from primary somatosensory (parietal)
Connects at the lateral fissures at both sides of the brain
Lateral fissures
Separate the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
What part of the brain fills the posterior cranial fossa?
The cerebellum
What part of the brain fills the middle cranial fossa
Temporal lobes and pituitary gland
What part of the brain fills the anterior cranial fossa?
The frontal lobes of the brain
Parietal-occipital sulcus separates what two lobes of the brain
Parietal and occipital lobes
What does the cingulate gyrus do?
Separates the insular lobe from the rest of the brain
Also is just superior to the corpus callous
Corpus callous purpose
To allow the two cerebrum hemispheres to communicate
Septum pelluicidum purpose
Just inferior to the corpus callous
Purpose is to separate/connect the two lateral ventricles from each hemisphere
Arachnoid villi/ granules
One-way valves found between arachnoid and meningeal dura layer along the superior sagittal sinus
Moves CSF into the dural venous sinuses (primarily the superior sagittal sinus)
