Overview Of The Brain

Question 1

Prosencephalon

Answer 1

Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the forebrain structures

• telencephalon
• diencephalon

Question 2

Mesencephalon

Answer 2

Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the midbrain

Question 3

Rhombencephalon

Answer 3

Embryonic structure that Gives rise to the hindbrain

• medulla oblongata
• metencephalon

Question 4

Above midbrain anatomical terms

Answer 4

Anterior = rostral

Posterior = caudal

Superior = dorsal

Inferior = ventral

Question 5

Below the midbrain anatomical terms

Answer 5

Anterior= ventral

Posterior = dorsal

Superior = rostral

Inferior = caudal

Question 6

Telencephalon

Answer 6

Cranial part of the forebrain and consists of the cerebrum

Contains both left and right cerebral hemispheres, falx cerebri, and corpus callosum

Question 7

Broca’s area

Answer 7

Frontal lobe near primary motor cortex and temporal lobe. Functions to initiate motor-control functions of speech (movement of mouth and vocal cords)

Question 8

Wernicke’s area

Answer 8

Located in parietal lobe near the somatosensory cortex and temporal lobe. Functions to interpret both speech and written communication

Question 9

Broad overview of the development of the brain

Answer 9

Generates from 3 swellings at the cranial end of the neural tube

• prosencephalon
• mesencephalon
• rhombencephelon

Question 10

Cerebral cortex

Answer 10

most superficial layer of gray matter that houses neuronal cell bodies
- contain patterns of gyri (ridges) and sulci (folds)

Question 11

Subcortical white matter

Answer 11

Just deep to the cortex and contains the mass amount of myelinated nerve axons
- contains the corpus callosum and is responsible for sending information in and out of brain via the internal capsule

Question 12

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

Answer 12

Groups of neural cell bodies that are embedded within the subcortical white matter at the deepest part of the layer

Conduct motor function

Question 13

Lateral ventricle

Answer 13

Deepest layer of the cerebral hemisphere that is just inferior to the corpus callosum

Produce cerebrospinal fluid and is found in both cerebral hemisphere

Question 14

Three sulci that are integral to determining lobes of the brain

Answer 14

Lateral sulcus: deep transverse fissure on the lateral surface of each hemisphere.

• separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
• just deep to the lateral sulci is the insular lobe*

Central sulcus: shallow sulcus at the midpoint of the superior surface and terminates just above the lateral sulci
- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Parietal-occipital sulci: shallow sulci on the medial surface of both hemispheres posterior to the corpus callosum
- separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 15

Primary motor cortex

Answer 15

Gyrus of the frontal lobe and houses the upper motor neurons that initiate voluntary movements

Question 16

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 16

Gyrus of the parietal lobe that receives somatic sensory information from the body and relays it to the desired end points.

Question 17

Visual cortex

Answer 17

Posterior region of the occipital lobe that functions to process visual information from the somatosensory cortex

Question 18

Auditory cortex

Answer 18

Superior region of the temporal lobe that functions to process auditory information received by the somatosensory cortex

Question 19

Diencephalon parts

Answer 19

Thalamus

Hypothalamus w/ neurohypophysis (pituitary gland)

Epithalamus w/ pineal gland

Subthalamus

Third ventricle

Question 20

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 20

Separates cerebellum from the cerebrum

Question 21

Cerebellum

Answer 21

Functions to modulate motor signals to produce smooth coordinated movements

Contain 3 cerebellar peduncles
- dense myelinated fiber bundles that transmit signals in and about of the cerebellum

Midline is called the vermis

Possess a gray matter cortex and subcortical white matter layer as well similar to the cerebrum

Question 22

Brainstem

Answer 22

Functions to regulate and modulate subconscious bodily functions as well as house neuronal bodies of the cranial nerves

Has 3 parts and devolves thrombin the midbrain

Question 23

Difference between gray and white matter in brain vs spinal cord

Answer 23

White matter

• inner portion of brain (tracts)
• outer portion of spinal cord (nerves)

Gray matter

• outer portion of brain (cell bodies)
• inner portion of spinal cord (cell bodies)

Question 24

Central sulcus

Answer 24

Divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe as well as divides primary motor (frontal) from primary somatosensory (parietal)

Connects at the lateral fissures at both sides of the brain

Question 25

Lateral fissures

Answer 25

Separate the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 26

What part of the brain fills the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 26

The cerebellum

Question 27

What part of the brain fills the middle cranial fossa

Answer 27

Temporal lobes and pituitary gland

Question 28

What part of the brain fills the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 28

The frontal lobes of the brain

Question 29

Parietal-occipital sulcus separates what two lobes of the brain

Answer 29

Parietal and occipital lobes

Question 30

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

Answer 30

Separates the insular lobe from the rest of the brain

Also is just superior to the corpus callous

Question 31

Corpus callous purpose

Answer 31

To allow the two cerebrum hemispheres to communicate

Question 32

Septum pelluicidum purpose

Answer 32

Just inferior to the corpus callous

Purpose is to separate/connect the two lateral ventricles from each hemisphere

Question 33

Arachnoid villi/ granules

Answer 33

One-way valves found between arachnoid and meningeal dura layer along the superior sagittal sinus

Moves CSF into the dural venous sinuses (primarily the superior sagittal sinus)