Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Physiology > Overview of Respiration & Respiratory Mechanics (Lectures 1&2) > Flashcards

Overview of Respiration & Respiratory Mechanics (Lectures 1&2) Flashcards

1
Q

What does internal respiration refer to?

A

The intracellular mechanisms that consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does external respiration refer to?

A

The sequence of events that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation between atmosphere and alveoli
  2. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli & blood
  3. Transport fo CO2 and O2 between lungs & tissues
  4. Exchange of O2 & CO2 between blood and tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which body systems are involved in external respiration?

A

Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Haematology, and Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air flow from a region of higher to lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which relation between alveoli and atmospheric pressure must exist to allow air to flow into the lungs?

A

The alveolar air pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inspiratory muscle contraction allows the thorax and lungs to _____

A

expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What links the lungs to the chest wall?

A

Intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

Negative intrapelural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by Intrapleural Fluid Cohesiveness?

A

That water molecules in the intrapleural fluid stick together so the pleural membranes stick together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by negative intrapleural pressure?

A

That the intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does negative intrapleural pressure contribute to Lung to chest wall linkage?

A

Creates a transmural pressure gradient across the lung wall so the lungs are forced to expand outwards while the chest is forced to squeeze inwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which pressures are involved in ventilation?

A

Atmospheric, intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm is controlled by the ____ nerve?

A

Phrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which mechanism causes movement of ribs that results in change in transverse diameter of the thorax

A

Bucket-Handle Mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the Pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are main two types of pneumothorax?

A

Traumatic

Spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does a hole in the lung cause a pneumothorax?

A

Because air from the atmosphere flows down its concentration gradient and enters the pleural cavity; thus abolishing the transmural gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What gives the lungs their elastic behaviour?

A

Alveolar surface tension and elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is alveolar surface tension?

A

Attraction between water molecules at liquid air interface –> produces force to prevent stretching of the lungs in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What would happen if the alveoli were lined only by water?

A

Surface tension would be too strong and the alveoli would collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is LaPlace’s Law?

A 
P = 2T/r 
P = inward directed collapsing pressure
T = Surface tension
r = radius of alveoli 
i.e. smaller alveoli have a higher tendency to collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary surfactant?

A

Lower alveolar surface tension and prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome caused by?

A

Premature babies may have insufficient surfactant so they make every strenuous inspiratory efforts to overcome the high surface tension and inflate the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is alveolar interdependence

A

If an alveolus starts to collapse the surrounding alveoli are stretched & recoil exerting forces in collapsing alveolus to open it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What forces keep the alveoli open (3)?

A

Pulmonary surfactant
Transmural pressure gradient
Alveolar interdependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What forces promote alveolar collapse?

A

Alveolar surface tension

Elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue

27
Q

What are the major muscles of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Sternum
Ribs

28
Q

What are the accessory muscles of Inspiration?

A 
Sternocleidomastoid 
Scalenus 
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Lattissimus dorsi
29
Q

When are accessory muscles of inspiration used?

A

During forceful inspiration, either due to physiological or pathological reasons

30
Q

When do the major muscles of inspiration contract?

A

Every inspiration; relaxation –> cause passive expiration

31
Q

What is Tidal volume?

A

Volume of air entering/leaving the lungs during a single breath

32
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

Extra volume that can be inspired above the typical resting tidal volume

33
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet inspiration

34
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired beyond normal volume of air after resting tidal volume

35
Q

What is the residual volume (RV)?

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

36
Q

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

The volume of air at the end of a normal passive expiration (FRC = ERV + RV)

37
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air the can be moved out during a single breath following a maximum inspiration (VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

38
Q

What is the total Lung Capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold

TLC = VC + RV

39
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity?

A

Volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration

40
Q

What is the FEV1?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second - the volume of air that can be expired during the 1st second of expiration in a FVC determination

41
Q

What is the normal range of the FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

> 70%

42
Q

How can FVC and FEV1 be determined?

A

Spirometry

43
Q

What kind of FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio would andairway obstructive disease show?

A 
FVC = low/normal
FEV1 = low
FEV1/FVC = low
44
Q

What kind of FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio would an airway restrictive disease show?

A 
FVC = low
FEV1 = low
FEV1/FVC = normal
45
Q

What kind of FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio would a combination of airway restrictive and obstructive disease show?

A 
FVC = low
FEV1 = low
FEV1/FVC = low
46
Q

How can airflow be calculated?

A

F = change in pressure / resistance

47
Q

Resistance in a normal airway is _____

A

very low

48
Q

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

A

The radius of the conducting airway

49
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the airways?

A

Bronchoconstriction

50
Q

Wha effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the airways?

A

Bronchodilation

51
Q

What is more difficult; inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

52
Q

Why is expiration more difficult in patients with an airway obstruction?

A

Dynamic airway compression: if there is an obstruction the driving pressure between airway & alveolus is lost over the obstructed segment causing a fall in airway pressure along the airway downstream and resulting in airway compression by rising pleural pressure during active expiration

53
Q

What worsens obstructive airways?

A

If the elastic recoil of the lungs is decreased

54
Q

What is the purpose of a peak flow meter?

A

Gives an estimate of peak flow rate - assesses airway function in patients with an obstructive airway disease

55
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

Measure of the effort needed to stretch/distend the lungs

56
Q

Which units are used to measure pulmonary compliance?

A

Volume change per unit of pressure

57
Q

What can decrease pulmonary compliance?

A 
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary oedema
Lung collapse
Pneumonia
Absence of surfactant
58
Q

Decreased pulmonary compliance may show a _______ lung disease pattern in spirometry?

A

Restrictive

59
Q

When does pulmonary compliance increase abnormally?

A

if the lungs’ elastic recoil is lost

60
Q

Dynamic airway obstruction is aggregated in patients with __________(3)

A

Obstructed airways
Emphysema
COPD

61
Q

How much of total energy expenditure is normally needed for quiet breathing?

A

3%

62
Q

In which cases is the work of breathing increased? (4)

A

Decreased pulmonary compliance
Increased Airway resistance
Decreased elastic recoil
If there is no need for increased ventilation

63
Q

Which mechanism causes movement of ribs that results in change in anteroposterior diameter of the thorax?

A

Pump-Handle mechanism

Respiratory Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions