Overview of Renal Function and Renal Disease Flashcards
what are the three steps of urine formation?
filtration
selective reabsorption
selective secretion
how much of the plasma moves into the filtrate?
about 20%
how much blood flow do the kidneys receive?
20% of cardiac output
what does the loop of henle create?
hypertonic medullary interstitium
what are the two capillary beds in the kidney?
glomerular
peritubular
where is 90% of renal bloodflow?
cortex
which capillary bed has high pressure?
glomerular: high hydrostatic pressure causes fluid filtration
in peritubular capillaries, _________________ favors fluid reabsorption
low hydrostatic pressure
what can regulate the respective pressures and rate of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption in the capillaries?
adjusting the resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles
what are some vascular born insults that can impact the kidneys?
thromboembolism
bacterial emboli
circulating immune complexes
what color are acute infarcts?
red
what color are chronic infarcts?
white
infarcts that affect the cortex and medulla likely involve _________________
interlobar vessel
infarcts affecting only the cortex could involve either __________________________
the arcuate or interlobular artery
what characterizes acute kidney injury?
sudden loss of renal function over hours or several days
potentially reversible
what characterizes chronic renal disease?
renal disease has persisted for months or years
function often progressively declines over months to years
“cure” not generally possible
at what age is chronic renal disease common?
generally older animals
congenital or familial disease seen in younger animals
what is uremia?
clinical signs associated with kidney failure
what are the signs of uremia?
anorexia, depression
dehydration
hypothermia
weight loss (chronic)
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
what do you see with uremic gastropathy?
submucosal arteritis
edema and mast cell infiltration of submucosa
glandular atrophy
fibroplasia
mineralization
what does mineralization contribute to?
gastric ulceration
hemorrhage
hematemesis
what is uremic enterocolitis?
ulcerative and hemorrhagic lesions in colon
often bloody diarrhea
what happens with uremic stomatitis?
halitosis: bad breath
oral ulceration
what causes oral ulceration with uremic stomatitis?
vasculitis/arteritis
bacteria in mouth convert urea to ammonia
what does renal secondary hyperparathyroidism with CRD lead to?
pathologic mineralization
renal osteodystrophy
how prevalent is arterial hypertension with chronic renal disease?
50-80% of dogs and cats
what are some examples of tissue mineralization with uremia?
uremic frosting
uremic pneumonitis
uremic endocarditis
what material accumulates in an animal or person with gout?
uric acid