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Radiation Theraphy > Overview of Radiation Theraphy > Flashcards

Overview of Radiation Theraphy Flashcards

1
Q
  • use of high level radiation (megavoltage) to destroy cancer cells
A

Radiation Therapy

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2
Q
  • has its greatest effects on tissues that divide rapidly such as cancer cells. it destroys the cell ability to divide or multiply (law of bergonie and tribondeau)
A

Radiation Therapy

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3
Q

with each treatment more of the cancer cells and the tumor..

A

shrinks

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4
Q

reason for side effects of radiotheraphy

A

damage to healthy cells

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5
Q

curative also called

A

radical radiotherapy

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6
Q

in this treatment, rad dose is given so high that some side effects are unavoidable

A

curative (radical radiotherapy)

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7
Q

can be used as treatment alone or be given in combination with chemotherapy, surgery and other forms of treatment

A

radiation

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8
Q

considered emergency cases in radiotherapy

A
  • bone metastasis with spinal cord compression
  • cases with profuse bleeding (i.e. cervical cancer)
  • mass obstructing the lungs
  • brain metastasis
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9
Q

aim of radiotherapy

A

to deliver a PRECISE measured dose of radiation to DEFINED tumor volume

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10
Q

members of radiotherapy team

A
  1. radiation oncologist
  2. medical physicist/dosimetrist
  3. radiotherapy technologist
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11
Q

immobilization devices:

A
  • alpha cradle

- thermoplastic mask

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12
Q

2 forms of radiation therapy

A
  1. external radiation therapy (teletherapy)

2. internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)

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13
Q

goal of radiotherapy

A
  • curative (cure from cancer)

- pallative (relieve symptoms)

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14
Q

in this treatment, doses of rad. are given to a carefully defined area through a machine that directs the high-energy rays or particles from outside the body at the cancer and the normal tissues surrounding it.

A

external radiation therapy (teletherapy)

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15
Q

___ places the source of high-energy rays inside the body, as close as possible to the cancer cells.

A

internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)

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16
Q

this delivers very intense radiation to a small area of the body and limits the dose to normal tissue

A

internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)

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17
Q

this is used typically include radium, cesium, iodine, and phosphorus, and they are implanted for only a short time or left in place permanently.

A

radioactive substances

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18
Q

unit of absorbed dose

A

Gray (Gy)

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19
Q

will assure the delivery of the exact prescribed dose.

A

detailed measurement

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20
Q

dose of radiation determination:

A
  • size tumor
  • extent tumor
  • grade of tumor
  • response to radiation
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21
Q

the largest amount of dose that can be accepted without the production of injurious symptoms

A

tolerance dose

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22
Q

factors affecting tolerance dose

A
  • dose rate
  • volume irradiated
  • sensitivity of the tissues
  • amount of recovery, w/c can take place bet. fractions
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23
Q

the dose that can be tolerated by normal tissue in the treatment zone varies with the total time over w/c the dose is given.

A

dose rate

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24
Q

the higher the dose rate

A

the greater the late damage potential

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25
Q

the smaller volume to be treated

A

the higher the total dose which may be tolerated

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26
Q

increase the chance of radiation damage to cells.

A

good oxygenation

27
Q

many of the cells within a large cell mass where there is no organized blood supply is

A

hypoxic

28
Q

less oxygenated and therefore less sensitive to radiation

A

tumor cells

29
Q

if the number of cells doubles within the time interval bet. two fraction, treatment may __ (cell doubling time)

A

fail

30
Q

a planned series of fractions of total dose.

A

fractionation

31
Q

this allows recovery of normal cells while depleting the number of surviving tumor cells

A

fractionation

32
Q

dose prescribed: 6040 cGy

total treatment days: 33 days

A

breast

33
Q

dose prescribed: 5040 cGy

total treatment days: 28 days

A

gyne (cervic, uterus, ovary)

34
Q

dose prescribed: 3000 cGy

total treatment days: 10 days

A

whole brain & bone mets

35
Q

would lead to an overall treatment period w/c is significantly longer than intended

A

missed treatments

36
Q

at a survival disadvantage if treatment duration is lengthened

A

some patients (head & neck)

37
Q

the cell kinetic change and there is a potential for very rapid repopulation

A

once some cells are killed

38
Q
  • once-daily doses given 5 days per week

- recovery period at the weekend

A

conventional fractionated course

39
Q

once, twice or three times weekly treatments with higher dose of radiation.

A

less than 5 fractions per week

40
Q

potential for late radiation damage increase with fraction doses.

A

less than 5 fractions per week

41
Q

reasons for lowered fractionation regimes

A
  • fewer visits and less traveling time for patients
  • shortage of treatment machine
  • clinical indication (for every sensitive tumor - skin lymphomas)
42
Q

shortening the treatment course duration but giving a high number of small fractions.

A

hyperfractionation

43
Q

given to tumors with a fast cell-doubling time such as 5 days

A

hyperfractionation

44
Q

may result in more acute injury but an unchanged potential for late damage

A

hyperfractionation

45
Q

target volume is separated into 3 distinct regions:

A
  1. gross tumor volume (GTV)
  2. clinical target volume (CTV)
  3. planning target volume (PTV)
46
Q

denotes the demonstrable tumor

A

gross tumor volumegross tumor volume

47
Q

denotes the GTV and subclinical disease (region to account for uncertainties in microscopic tumor spread)

A

clinical target volume

48
Q

denotes the CTV and includes margins for geometric/postion uncertainties. Usually 1.5cm physical margin are set around the CTV.

A

planning target volume

49
Q

is the volume of tissue enclosed by an isodose surface, selected and specified by the radiation oncologists as being appropriate to achieve the purpose of treatment.

A

treated volume

50
Q

is always larger than the PTV and usually has a simpler shape.

A

treated volume

51
Q

is the volume of tissue that receives a dose considered significant in relation to tissue tolerance.

A

irradiated volume

52
Q

overview of treatment process

A
  1. initial consultation with Rad Onco
  2. informed consent process (Rad Onco)
  3. simulation stage (RadioTherapy tech)
    - - determine patient position
    - - acquire x-ra or ct scan
    - - tatto process
    - - documentation
  4. planning stage (Rad Onco & Med Phy)
53
Q

it is necessary to make the marks permanent since this will be the basis for body alignment during the treatment

A

Tattoo process

54
Q

simulation worksheet (filled out by the Radiation Therapist) is also called as

A

simulation form

55
Q

data would be needed by the Medical Physicist for the planning stage

A

simulation worksheet or simulation form

56
Q

he will draw/contour the treatment fields on the acquired images as well as dose prescription

A

radiation oncologist

57
Q

he would do a lot of calculations considering the tolerance dose of the part to be treated as well as its surrounding tissues

A

Medical Physicist

58
Q

he would have __ working days to complete everything for the patient to start the treatment

A

Medical Physicist

3-5 days

59
Q

can hurt normal cells, causing side effects.

A

high doses of radiation

60
Q

is usually temporary and will disappear gradually when therapy is complete

A

side effects

61
Q

generally limited to the region of the body being treated

A

side effects

62
Q

skin becomes painful, red, itchy, and blistered

A

radiation dermatitis

63
Q

rad. can affect the membranes of the mouth and/or gastrointestinal tract, causing discomfort while swallowing

A

nutritional problems

64
Q

most common side effects of radiation therapy

A

fatigue or weakness

Radiation Theraphy (6 decks)

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