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Radiation Theraphy > Clinical Radiation Generators > Flashcards

Clinical Radiation Generators Flashcards

1
Q

Machines that can generate x-rays at voltages up to 300 kVp.

A

Kilovoltage Therapy Units

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2
Q

Used up to about 1950 and succeeded by Megavoltage units specifically the Cobalt 60 unit

A

Kilovoltage Therapy Units

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3
Q

Useful in the treatment of skin cancer extending no more than about 1 cm below the surface

A

Kilovoltage Therapy Units

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4
Q

Types of Kilovoltage Theray Units

A

Grenz Ray
Contact Therapy
Superficial Therapy
Deep Therapy Unit

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5
Q

A german word means “border”

A

Grenz

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6
Q

CHARACTERISTICS
• Very soft x-rays
• Operates at a potential below 20 kV
• Results to very low depth penetration

A

Grenz Rays

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7
Q

CLINICAL APPLICATION:

• Dermatological use (penetrating nickel sensitive patient: supress allergic contact dermatitis)

A

Grenz Rays

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8
Q

Its the names was delivered by the way the treatment unit actually came in contact with the patient

A

Contact therapy

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9
Q

Contact therapy’s potential

A

40 to 50 kV

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10
Q

Contact therapy’s tube current

A

2 mA

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11
Q

Contact therapy’s SSD

A

2.0 cm or less

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12
Q

Used to absorb the very soft component of the energy spectrum

A

A filter of 0.5 to 1.00 mm think Al

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13
Q

Useful for tumors not deeper than 1.2 mm.

Used to treat superficial skin lesions

A

Contact therapy

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14
Q

2 major types of Radiation Generators

A
  1. Kilovoltage Therapy Units

2. Megavoltage Therapy Units

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15
Q

Superficial therapy’s tube current

A

5 - 8 mA

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16
Q

Superficial therapy’s SSD

A

15 - 20 cm

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17
Q

Varying thickness (1-6 mm Al) of filtration is used

A

Superficial therapy

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18
Q

Useul for tumors confined to about 5mm depth

A

Superficial therapy

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19
Q

Deep therapy unit also called…

A

Orthovoltage

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20
Q

Deep therapy unit’s potential

A

150 - 500 kV

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21
Q

Deep therapy unit’s tube current

A

10-20 mA

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22
Q

Deep therapy unit’s SSD

A

50 cm

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23
Q

Useful for tumors within 2cm depth

A

Deep therapy unit

24
Q

Some disadvantages of kV units

A

Large skin dose
Poor depth dose distriction
Increased absorbed dose in bone
Increased scattering

25
Q

Radiotherapy equipments that deliver beams with high dose rate in the “multimillion volt” (1 MV or higher) range.

A

Megavolage therapy units (high-energy theraphy units)

26
Q

Telecurie Beam Units use _, _, _ as radioactive sources

A

Radium 226
Cobalt 60
Cesium 137

27
Q

__ rays are emitted from these sources as they undergo radioactive disintegration

A

Gamma

28
Q

Placed in contact with patient’s skin for treatment of underlying skin lesions. This was the birth of “brachytherapy”

A

Radium pack

29
Q

Replaced radium as the active source in telecurie therapy units with the rapid growth of nuclear reactor technology

A

Cobalt 60

30
Q

Advantages of Cobalt 60

A

Higher specific activity
Greater radiation output per curie
Higher average photob energy

31
Q

Has a relatively long half-lifeb(30 years) which promised to be a desirable source for telecurie therapy

A

Cesium 137

32
Q

Cesium 137 disadvantage

A

Linited specific activity limits its application to head and neck

33
Q

Primarily used in hed and neck therapy

A

Cesium 137

34
Q

Megavoltage X-ray Generators

A

Van de Graaf
Betatron
Linear Accelerator
Microtron

35
Q

Heavy-Charged Particle Accelerator

A

Cyclotron
Synchrocyclotron
Neutron Beam Generator

36
Q

It is an electrostatic accelerator designes to accelerated electorns to produce high energy x-rays, typically at MV, but can generated beam with energy as high as 10 MV.

A

Van de Graaf Generator

37
Q

Its uses can be found in sterikizing foods and process materials, accelerating protons for nuclear physics experiments, drving x-ray tubes etc

A

Van den Graaf Generator

38
Q

A machine capable of accelerating electrons to 2.3 MeV

A

Betatron

39
Q

Can probide x-ray and electron therapy beams from less than 6 yo more than 40 MeV

A

Betatron

40
Q

A device which used high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles

A

Linear Accelerator (LINAC)

41
Q

Can be used to treat superficial tumors or it can be made to strike a target to produce x-rays to treat deep seated tumors

A

Linear Accelerator (LINAC)

42
Q

The first linear accelerator was installed in ___

A

Hammersmith Hospital in London

43
Q

Had an 8 MeV x-ray beam and limited gantry rotation

A

LINAC (in Hammersmith Hospital)

44
Q

An electron accelerator which combines the principles of both the linear accelerator and the cyclotron

A

Microtron

45
Q

Cape of producing both x-rays and electron beams

A

Microtron

46
Q

Superficial therapy’s potential

A

50 to 150 kV

47
Q

Source of high energy proton for proton beam therapy

A

Cyclotron

48
Q

Other uses of cyclotron:

A
  • Generation of neutron beam

- Production of a certain radionuclide

49
Q

Used to generate higher energy charged particles such as Deuterons, Protons, Alpha Particle

A

Synchrocyclotron

50
Q

Designed to accelerate electrons and protons by means of radiofrequency-modulated magnetic fueld to compensate for the relativistic increase in particle mass

A

Neutron beam generator

51
Q

2 kinds of neutron beam generator

A

Electron synchrotron

Proton synchrotron

52
Q

Electron energies of 10 to 100 MeV results to energy in Giga or billion of electron volts

A

Electron synchrotron

53
Q

The largest proton synchrotron in Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory can generated as 400 GeV energy

A

Proton synchrotron

54
Q

The world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator.

A

Large Hadron Collider at CERN

55
Q

It consists of a 27-kilometer ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way

A

LHC

Radiation Theraphy (6 decks)

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