Overview of Neuropathology Flashcards
symptoms can be similar and a diagnosis may have tests and procedures in common
- dementia
- right hemisphere syndrome
- TBI
neuropathology
- almost always person becomes involved in health care system
- good quality of care vs. poorer quality of care
- transcends location
what types of medical care are available in every town and city?
good and poor
are there support groups for most conditions under neuropathology?
yes, there are support groups for each condition
health disparities such as differences in
- incidence
- prevalence (rare vs. common)
- morbidity
- mortality
incidence, prevalence, or both? measures of the extent of disease in a population
both incidence and prevalence
incidence, prevalence, or both? tells us about a change in status from non-disease to disease, thus being limited to new cases
incidence
incidence, prevalence, or both? includes both new cases and those who contracted the disease in the past and are still surviving
prevalence
morbidity
refers to the unhealthy state of an individual
mortality
refers to the state of being mortal
both morbidity and mortality can be applied at which 2 levels?
- individual level
- across a population
morbidity rate
looks at the incidence of a disease across a population and/or geographic location during a single year
mortality rate
the rate of death in a population
morbidity rate and mortality rate are often used together to calculate the…
prevalence of a disease
other health disparities
- racial and cultural inequities
- differences in wealth
- poverty
- hazardous living/working conditions
- access to health care
- standard housing
- below-par or nonexistent healthcare early in life
- lack of insurance
underrepresented groups
- ethnic minorities
- people living with AIDS
- returning veterans with injuries
- incarcerated people
- homeless individuals
returning veterans with injuries often are diagnosed with PTSD, but what goes untreated?
the brain injury
incarcerated people often have
TBI
United States demographic trends
- increasing number of people of color, ethnically diverse population
- increasing number of older adults
CVAs/strokes can cause what 2 disorders?
- aphasia
- dementia
can also cause dementia if lots of what specific CVAs occur?
transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
hypertension
precursor to a stroke
risk factors of hypertension
- obesity
- lack of physical activity
- alcohol use
strokes due to hypertension are generally
hemorrhagic
can have lots of brain damage with what specific type of hemorrhage?
cerebral hemorrhage
hypertension for African-Americans
- groups is most at risk
- may have lower levels of a specific enzyme, may be biological
- fewer African-Americans have hypertension under control
hypertensions for Mexican Americans
strong inverse relationship between SES and hypertension
hypertensions for Native Americans/Alaska Natives
- high poverty rate, high unemployment
- lower education
- increased susceptibility to certain diseases
- high rate of hypertension associated with obesity and diabetes
which type of diabetes affects adults?
type 2 diabetes
diabetes means that the body does not produce or cells ignore
insulin
insulin is needed for body to be able to produce
glucose for energy
insulin is made in the
pancreas
high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels leading to
- heart disease
- stroke
prevalence of diabetes in African-Americans is
70% higher than in most other populations
cavernouse malformations
- vascular disease of the brain
- can be genetic
types of cavernous malformations
- sporadic
- autosomal dominant
cavernous malformations cause
- headaches
- epilepsy
- seizures
- cerebral hemorrhage
population at risk for cavernous malformations is
Hispanic Americans
stroke prevalence
- differences in racial predisposition for types of stroke
- variability in stroke severity across ethnic groups
- correlations among ethnicity, stroke, and disabilities
the Stroke Belt
- southern states have high stroke mortality
- highest prevalence among African-Americans in the southeast
- Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
dementia
- 1 in every 10 people of age 65 and older have it
- 50% are diagnosed with it
- projected by 2050, 16 million people will have Alzheimer’s disease
dementia, ethnic groups
- African Americans and Hispanics have higher prevalence and incidence
- could be vascular dementia
- genetic factors do not account for differences between ethnic groups
health conditions that can increase risk of dementia
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- head injuries and treatment
- disparities in protective factors such as estrogen replacement replacement therapy
- anti-inflammatory drugs
- diet rich in antioxidants
diabetes can lead to higher incidence of what type of dementia?
vascular-related dementia
dementia, cognitive reserve
- better educated people may have better ability to compensate for any mild deficits
- may be a longer trek to severe deficits if you brain a lot
AIDS
- rise in incidence in people over age 50
- AIDs is highly correlated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
- cognitive impairment occurs in over half of the population
- disparities across ethnic groups in seeking treatments
- lack of insurance, income barriers, cultural barriers (impeded access to prevententative programs)
drug use
- marijuana
- cocaine
- heroin
- inhalants
- hallucinogens
- methamphetamine
- flakka
