Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive and Neurogenic Communication Disorders > Normal Aging > Flashcards

Normal Aging Flashcards

1
Q

when do the major developmental changes occur?

A

first 3 years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does a modest increase in brain weight occur?

A

3-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

myelination of new cortical areas continues into

A

4th decade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gross anatomical change: brain weight

A
  • plateus at 18
  • slowly declines by age 50
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gross anatomical changes: ventricles

A
  • increased in size found between 3rd and 7th decade
  • more rapid thereafter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gross anatomical changes: cortical atrophy

A
  • gyri appear thinner, sulci widen
  • no correlation with amount of ventricular dilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microscopic changes

A
  • neuronal dropout
  • lipofuscin accumulation
  • granulovascular degeneration
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • neuritic (senile) plaques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

microscopic changes: neuronal dropout

A

significant loss of neurons in superior temporal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and striate cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

microscopic changes: lipofuscin accumulation

A
  • yellow-brown pigment (lipid and protein) accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurons
  • increases with chronological age
  • healthy diet helps prevent this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

microscopic changes: granulovascular degeneration

A

small, clear vacuoles with a smaller central granule (often found in the hippocampus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the hippocampus helps with

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

microscopic changes: neurofibrillary tangles

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • thick, fibrous brand arranged irregularly in the cytoplasm of neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

microscopic changes: neuritic (senile) plaques

A

found in neuronal processes and supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

psychological aspects of aging

A
  • fluid intelligence
  • crystalized intelligence
  • practical intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fluid intelligence

A
  • general cognitive capacity within the individual that requires relational thinking
  • ability to develop creative solutions to problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

crystalized intelligence

A
  • acculturated skills that are cumulative
  • ability to understand concepts based on prior learning
  • knowledge gained by experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of crystalized intelligence

A

playing wordle and knowing that /t/ and /k/ can go in front of /r/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

practical intelligence

A

ability to apply intellectual skills to everyday activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adult cognitive changes

A
  • fluid intelligence
  • crystalized intelligence
  • practical intelligence
  • non-verbal intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adult cognitive changes: fluid intelligence

A
  • decreases with age, rigidity
  • abilities such as inductive reasoning, figural relations, associative memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adult cognitive changes: crystalized intelligence

A
  • increases with age
  • abilities such as vocabulary, verbal comprehension, semantic relations
22
Q

adult cognitive changes: practical intelligence

A

decreases with age

23
Q

adult cognitive changes: non-verbal abilities

A
  • decreases with age
  • abstract reasoning, perceptual-motor speed, spatial abilities
24
Q

general sensory system changes

A
  • hearing
  • vision
25
Q

sensory system changes: hearing

A
  • peripheral
  • degeneration of hair cells
  • neuronal loss in brainstem auditory nuclei/temporal auditory cortex
  • presybycusis
  • infections of the middle and inner ear
  • ototoxic medicines
26
Q

sensory system changes: peripheral hearing

A

benign bony growths of external auditory canal

27
Q

sensory system changes: degeneration of hair cells in ear

A

sensorineural loss

28
Q

hearing: neuronal loss in brainstem auditory nuclei/temporal auditory cortex

A

50% in superior temporal gyrus lost by age 80

29
Q

sensory system changes: presybycusis

A
  • cochlear changes
  • losing your hearing over time
30
Q

general sensory system changes: vision

A
  • changes in pupillary function and lens light transmissibility
  • retinal changes reduction of cortical neurons in retina
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • presbyopia
31
Q

sensory system changes: retinal changes

A

lipofuscin accumulation

32
Q

sensory system changes: presbyopia

A

losing your vision over time

33
Q

language and aging

A
  • reduced perceptual ability
  • decreased abundancy of messages produce impairments in normal-hearing elderly adults as compared to younger adults, especially under stressed circumstances (ex: competing noise)
  • confrontation naming
  • slower timing
  • attentional deficits
  • short term memory deficits
  • discourse recall
34
Q

language and aging: reduced perceptual ability

A

difficulty with comprehension

35
Q

language and aging: confrontation naming

A
  • less able to benefit from phonemic cues
  • more help by verbal cues
  • ex: broccoli but the white one for “cauliflower”
36
Q

language and aging: short term memory deficits

A

some of typical, but others are an issue

37
Q

language abilities that don’t change with age

A
  • vocabulary skills
  • automatic speech
  • metalinguistic tasks
  • discourse structure
  • repetition ability
38
Q

language abilities that don’t change with age: discourse structure

A
  • though may forget minor details
  • word finding may be an issue
39
Q

why does language change in health aging?

A
  • neuronal changes of aging
  • changes in non-language cognitive abilities that affect language performance
40
Q

changes in non-language cognitive abilities that affect language performance

A
  • memory decline (immediate and delayed)
  • attentional deficits
  • timing issues with regard to speech comprehension processing
41
Q

ways in which healthy elderly individuals use language everyday influences performance on language tests

A
  • amount of diverse reading
  • TV correlated negatively with naming
  • years of education correlated positive with naming
42
Q

generational shifts

A
  • changes found in age cohorts
  • younger elderly cohorts tend to achieve higher levels of cognitive functioning
43
Q

younger elderly cohorts show less decline which may be due to

A
  • more educational opportunities
  • improved nutrition
  • better medical care throughout life
44
Q

problem solving is based on

A
  • memory
  • sensory ability
  • attention
  • motivation
45
Q

any of all these problems solving skills may be compromised which may lead to difficulty with specifically

A

creative problem solving

46
Q

creativity tends to peak in

A

late 30s or early 40s

47
Q

if looking at major vs. minor contribution within a career age makes

A

no difference

48
Q

wisdom

A
  • rich factual knowledge about life
  • has social factors that involves self knowledge and interpersonal issues
49
Q

often creativity and wisdom ___ in late life

A

converge

50
Q

in elderly, expertise is often utilized to make up for

A

slower processing speed

51
Q

demographics of aging

A
  • 1991, 31.7 million age 65 or over (1 in 8 Americans)
  • 99.8 billion dollars in Medicare expenditures
  • elderly population growing 3x faster than other age groups
  • by 2030, 60 million elders
52
Q

profile of normal elder

A
  • age 65 and over
  • 12 years of education
  • mean income of $20,000 or less
  • live independently, though close to children
  • most do not work
  • major source of income is social security
  • institutionalization increases after age 75

Cognitive and Neurogenic Communication Disorders (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions