Neuranatomy Flashcards
brainstem: functions
- breathing, circulation, digestion, swallowing
- sensory info going to the brain
- motor info coming from the brain
brainstem consists of
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
cerebellum
- body control
- motion memory
thalamus: function
sorting data and sending it where it needs to go
thalamus consists of
- hypothalamus
- posterior pituitary
hypothalamus: function
homeostasis (maintaining body temperature)
posterior pituitary: function
sending hormones
cerebrum: function
integration and making sense of the information coming in
cerebrum consists of
- corpus collosum
- basal ganglia
- frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
corpus collosum
connection of nerves between the 2 hemispheres
basal ganglia
- motor control
- Parkinson’s disease (issues in the basal ganglia)
frontal lobe
- executive functioning
- speech
- motor cortex
motor cortex
motor information coming from the brain
parietal lobe
- sensation
- somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
sensory information going into the brain
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
language, hearing, memory, and smell
neurons
allow the individual to take in information from their surroundings and respond to it
neurons: stimulus
- sensory/afferent
- receptors transmit that information to the CNS
neurons: response
- motor efferent
- effectors transmit information to the body
interneurons
connect the sensory neurons and motor neurons
synapse
excitation and inhibition might not be able to be found because it can be at the neurotransmitter level
cerebrum/cortex information
- grey matter on the surface
- large masses of grey
- matter deeper still (basal ganglia, amygdala, and claustrum)
frontal lobe contains
- precentral gyrus
- Broca’s area
precentral gyrus
- sends impulses to the muscles
- damage to this causes hemiplegia on the opposite side of lesion
- also known as motor strip or primary motor area
- contains primary motor cortex, which handles signals from the premotor area of the frontal lobe
Broca’s area
- programs the oral and phonatory mechanisms for the movement of speech
- typically found in the left hemisphere in 95% of the population
- damage typically causes apraxia of speech and Broca’s aphasia
parietal lobe
- contains post central gyrus
- damage can cause hemianesthesia
- tactile recognition and visual-spatial orientation
- supramarginal gyrus
hemianesthesia
loss of sensation on one side of the body and loss of pain and temperature sense on the opposite side
supramarginal gyrus
responsible for symbolic integration of writing
temporal lobe
- primary auditory area
- anterior portion is the Heschl’s gyrus
- posterior portion is Wernicke’s area
- angular gyrus
Wernicke’s area
provides interpretation of auditory language input
angular gyrus
integrates visual, auditory, and tactile information for the symbolic integration of reading
occipital lobe
- primary visual area for the reception of visual input
- damage to this area creates a homonymous hemianopsia
anterior portion of hemispheres
- involves initiation and coordination of purposeful or goal-directed behavior
- responsible for willful action
- motor regions send impulses directly to the muscles of the body
- premotor region contains plans for organizing these impulses to carry out particular functions
posterior portion of hemispheres
involves the reception, analysis, integration, and storage of information
reticular formation
- responsible for wakefulness and alertness
- network projected diffusely to all regions of the cortex (RAS) which alerts the entire cortex to be prepared for specific information to be analyzed
cerebral cortex: protected by 3 structural features
- bony skull
- membranous tissue, menings
- cushion of cerebrospinal fluid
menings
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
subcortical dementia
- does not involve changes to the cortex
- changes at the level of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brain stem
cingulate gyrus
part of the limbic system, which is responsible for the emotional component of behavior
circle of willis
- anterior to the brain
- the internal carotids connect to a circular arterial system at the base of the brain
- consists of small communicating arteries between the origins of each major cerebral artery
- internal carotids connect to the circle closest to the origin of the middle cerebral artery
3 cerebral arteries cover the surface of each hemisphere
- anterior cerebral artery
- middle cerebral artery
- posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
distributed mostly throughout the medial surface of the cortex, extends posteriorly to parietal lobe
middle cerebral artery
- supplies the motor and sensory areas involved in speech, audition, and language function
- the specific location of a stroke within the MCA is designated typically with reference to the direction of flow from the lateral fissure and to the lobe supplied
posterior cerebral arteries
- covers the medial surface of the occipital lobe and base of temporal lobe
- supplies the primary visual area on the banks of the calcarine fissure
