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Infectious Disease and Microbiology > Overview Of Infectious Disease & Microbiology > Flashcards

Overview Of Infectious Disease & Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disease

A

pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable groups of signs and symptoms

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

Caused by pathogenic microorganisms

-such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi

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3
Q

infectious diseases can be spread

A

directly or indirectly from one person to another

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4
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans

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5
Q

infection

A

occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce

-may or may not lead to disease

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6
Q

pathogen

A

infectious agent that causes disease

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7
Q

Infectious agents that cause disease are

A

microscopic in size (microbes or microorganisms)

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8
Q

different groups of agents that cause disease are

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, helminths

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9
Q

protist

A

eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus

-include algae and protozoa

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10
Q

True or False: Infectious agents have probably always caused disease in humans

A

True

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11
Q

smallpox

A

described in ancient Egyptian and Chinese writings and may have been responsible for more deaths than all other infectious diseases combined

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12
Q

evidence that_______ and _____ have existed since ancient times

A

malaria, poliomyelitis

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13
Q

What disease killed about 20 million people in Europe alone in the 14th century?

A

bubonic plague or black death

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14
Q

How many people have AIDS to date?

A

36.5 million

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15
Q

How do infectious agents cause disease?

A
  • produce toxins and enzymes that destroy cells and tissues
  • direct invasion and destruction of host cells
  • trigger response from host’s immune system leading to disease signs and symptoms (cytokine storm)
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16
Q

phases of infectious disease

A

incubation, prodrome, clinical, decline, recovery/convalescence

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17
Q

incubation period

A

time between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms

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18
Q

prodromal period

A

mild, vague,nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some disease

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19
Q

clinical phase (illness)

A

person experiences typical signs and symptoms of disease

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20
Q

decline phase

A

subsidence of symptoms

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21
Q

recovery phase (convalescence)

A

symptoms have disappeared, tissues heal, and the body regains strength

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22
Q

classification of infectious disease

A
  • by duration (acute, chronic, latent)
  • by location (local, systemic)
  • by timing (primary, secondary)
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23
Q

acute disease

A

develops and runs its course quickly

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24
Q

chronic

A

develops more slowly and is usually less severe

-may persist for a long, indefinite period of time

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25
Q

latent

A

characterized by periods of no symptoms between outbreaks of illness

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26
Q

local

A

confined to a specific area of the body

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27
Q

systemic

A

generalized illness that infects most of the body with pathogens distributed widely in tissues

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28
Q

primary

A

initial infection in a previously healthy person

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29
Q

secondary

A

infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection

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30
Q

transmission of infectious diseases

A

through air, contaminated food/water, body fluids, direct contact with contaminated objects, animal vectors, spillover

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31
Q

Ways spread of infectious disease can be reduced

A

vaccine, antimicrobial drugs, good personal hygiene/sanitation, quarantine, protections against mosquitoes, face mask, social distancing

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32
Q

infectious diseases are responsible for:

A

quarter to third of all deaths worldwide

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33
Q

infectious diseases account for more than

A

half of all deaths in children under 5

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34
Q

The top single agent killers

A

HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis

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35
Q

emerging infectious diseases

A

those that have recently appeared or suddenly became prevalent within population

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36
Q

Diseases can emerge or re-emerge due to:

A
  • appearance of previously unknown agent
  • evolution of new infectious agent
  • spread of infectious agent to new host or locations
  • aquisition of resistance to antimicrobial drugs
  • deliberate introduction into population
  • no vaccination
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37
Q

evolution

A

process of change over time the results in new varieties and species of organisms

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38
Q

phlogeny

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

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39
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

excellent for determining phylogeny

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40
Q

Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three distinct lineages of cells called:

A

domains

  • prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea)
  • eukaryotic (eukarya)
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41
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

-domains are thought to have diverged from common ancestral organisms

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42
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures enclosed within membranes

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43
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells lack membrane-bound nucleus

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44
Q

True or False: Archaea & Bacteria are closely related

A

False

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45
Q

True or False: Archaea are more closely related to eukarya than bacteria

A

True

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46
Q

eukaryotic microorganisms were

A

ancestors of multicellular organisms

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47
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

contain their one genomes and ribosomes

  • organelles related to specific lineages of bacteria
  • descendants of free-living bacterial cells that developed and association with cells of eukaryotic domain
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48
Q

endosymbiosis

A

condition in which one cell lives inside another cell for benefit of both

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49
Q

domain bacteria contains

A

enormous variety of prokaryotes

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50
Q

all known pathogenic (disease causing) prokaryotes are

A

bacteria

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51
Q

binary fission

A

reproduce by asexual division

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52
Q

make up the largest and most diverse phylum of bacteria

A

proteobacteria

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53
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane

  • stain red
  • proteobacteria
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54
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

phylum united by phylogeny and cell wall structure

  • thick peptidoglycan layer
  • stain purple/violet
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55
Q

cyanobacteria are relatives of

A

gram positive bacteria

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56
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

organisms that depends on organic chemicals for its energy and carbon

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57
Q

green sulfur bacteria and green nonsulfur bacteria are

A

photosynthetic

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58
Q

Deinococcus

A

extremely resistant to radioactivity

-divide in two planes to yield clusters of cells

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59
Q

chlamydia

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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60
Q

peptidoglycan

A

cell wall of bacteria

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61
Q

some bacteria lack

A

cell wall structure

-survive only inside host cells or in hypertonic environment

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62
Q

mycoplasmas

A

group of pathogenic bacteria that causes several infectious diseases in humans and animals

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63
Q

thermoplasma

A

species of archaea that naturally lack cell wall

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64
Q

bacteria able to survive without cells walls because

A

they contain unusually tough cytoplasmic membranes or because they live in osmotically protected habitats such as the animal body

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65
Q

eukaryotic microorganisms are related by

A

cell structure and phylogenetic history

66
Q

algae

A

phototrophic, contain chloroplasts, mineral requirements are low

67
Q

What disease killed 50 million people worldwide in 20th century?

A

1918 influenza

68
Q

protist

A

include algae and protozoa

69
Q

True or False: Protozoa are phototrophic

A

False

70
Q

True or False: Protozoa are decomposers

A

True

71
Q

Which have cell walls:

Algae and fungi or protozoa and slime molds

A

Algae and fungi

72
Q

phylogeny of eukarya was originally inferred from

A

sequences of the 18S rRNA gene

73
Q

18S rRNA gene encodes

A

small subunit (SSU) RNA of the cytoplasmic ribosomes of eukaryotes

74
Q

True or False: 18S rRNA genes are much weaker for eukaryotes than 16S rRNA genes are for eukaryotes

A

True

75
Q

Dark green and red arrows indicate

A

primary endosymbiotic events for the acquisition of the mitochondrion and chloroplasts

76
Q

light green arrows indicate

A

secondary endosymbiotic acquisition of chloroplasts from red and green algae by various protists

77
Q

endosymbiotic theory states

A

that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as symbioses between separate single-celled organisms

78
Q

molecular and biochemical evidence suggest that the mitochondrion developed from

A

proteobacteria and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria

79
Q

fungi can exist in

A

unicellular form (yeast) or filamentous form (mold)

80
Q

yeast can replicate

A

sexually

81
Q

mold can replicate

A

asexually and sexually

82
Q

most fungi exist as either

A

yeast or mold

83
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

fungi that can assume yeast or mold morpholgies

84
Q

coccus

A

spherical or ovoid

85
Q

rod/bacillus

A

cylindrical shape

86
Q

spirillum

A

spiral shape

87
Q

staining cells for microscopic observation

A
  1. prepare a smear
    - thinly spread culture
    - dry in air
  2. heat fix and stain
  3. microscopy
88
Q

differential stains (gram stain)

A

separate bacteria into groups

89
Q

gram stain steps

A
  1. crystal violet for 1 min
  2. iodine solution for 1 min
  3. decolorize with alcohol about 20 sec
  4. counterstain with safranin for 1-2 min
90
Q

gram positive cell walls can contain up to____ peptidoglycan

A

90%

91
Q

lipoteichoic acids

A

teichoic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids

92
Q

gram-negative bacteria only ____ of total cell wall consist of peptidoglycan

A

10%

93
Q

LPS

A
  • consist of core polysaccharide and O-polysaccharide

- replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane

94
Q

endotoxin

A

toxic component of LPS in particular Lipid A

95
Q

What’s responsible for differences in the gram stain reaction?

A

structural differences between cell walls of gram positive and negative bacteria

96
Q

gram stain is

A

an insoluble crystal violet-iodine complex forms inside the cell

97
Q

R-OH penetrates the

A

lipid rich outer membrane and extracts the crystal violet-iodine complex from the cell

98
Q

capsule and slime layers

A
  • assist in attachment to surfaces
  • protect against phagocytosis
  • resist desiccation
99
Q

fimbria and pili

A

filamentous structures composed of proteins that extend from surface of a cell and can have many functions

100
Q

fimbriae

A
  • filamentous protein structures

- enable organisms to stick to surfaces

101
Q

pili

A
  • filamentous protein structures
  • typically longer than fimbriae and only one or a few pili are present on the surface of a cell
  • conjugation
102
Q

endospores

A
  • highly differentiated cells resistant to heat, harsh chemicals and radiation
  • function as survival structures, enable organism to endure unfavorable growth conditions
  • dormant stage of bacterial life cycle
  • ideal for dispersal
  • only present in some gram-positive bacteria
103
Q

cells don’t sporulate when

A

they’re growing

104
Q

endospore can remain dormant for

A

years

105
Q

endospore structure is

A
  • impermeable to most dyes
  • structurally complex
  • contains dipicolinic acid
  • enriched in Ca2+
106
Q

BSL

A

biosafety level

107
Q

BSL-1 labs

A

lowest level of containment

  • work can be done on open bench
  • non pathogenic organisms
  • workers should be protected by lab coats and gloves
108
Q

BSL-2 labs

A

organisms that present a moderate risk of infection due to accidental ingestion, percutaneous injection or exposure to mucous membranes via aerosols
-protection such as face and eye, gloves, lab coats/gowns

109
Q

BSL-3 labs

A

emerging /high risk pathogens

  • negative pressurized rooms and air filters to prevent accidental release of pathogen
  • safety cabinets required for manipulation
110
Q

BSL-4 labs

A

design for maximum containment of life threatening pathogens

  • high transmission by aerosol, no vaccine, treatment or cure
  • full body, positive-pressure suit with air supply
111
Q

you can’t be in a BSL-4 lab for more than

A

5 hours

112
Q

you have to shower every time you leave a

A

BSL-4 lab

113
Q

What biosafety level must be used for HIV?

A

BSL-2

114
Q

sterilization

A

killing or removal of all viable organisms from a growth medium or surface, the destruction of all microbial life (includes bacterial endospores and viruses)

115
Q

inhibition

A

effectively limiting microbial growth

116
Q

cidal

A

bacterial killing

117
Q

static

A

bacterial-inhibiting

118
Q

Used to destroy or remove microorganisms

A

heat, radiation and filtration

119
Q

What is the most widely used method of controlling microbial growth?

A

heat sterilization (HE)

120
Q

What has better penetrating power?

A

moist heat

121
Q

high temperatures

A

denature macromolecules

122
Q

decimal reduction time (D)

A

time required at a certain temperature to kill 90% of organisms being studied

123
Q

thermal death time

A

time it takes to kill all cells at given temperature

124
Q

Endospores require autoclave temp/time for a D

A

121 degrees C for 4-5 minutes

125
Q

Vegetative cells require temp/time for a D

A

0.1-0.5 min at 65 degrees C

126
Q

microbial death is

A

more rapid at acidic pH

127
Q

autoclave

A

a sealed device that uses steam under pressure to kill microorganisms

128
Q

killing of heat resistance requires heating at temperatures above

A

100 degrees C

129
Q

ionizing radiation

A

gamma radiation of sufficent energy to produce ions and other reactive molecular species from molecules with which the radiation particles collide

130
Q

ionizing radiation generates

A

e- hydroxyl radicals OH and hydride radicals H

131
Q

What is the standard killing dose for radiation sterilization?

A

12D

132
Q

gas sterilization is done by using

A 
ethylene oxide (EtO)
-comman gas used for low temperature sterilization
133
Q

EtO sterilization cycle

A

preconditioning
sterilization
aeration (degassing)

134
Q

robert hooke

A
  • 1635-1708

- first to describe microbes in book

135
Q

antoni van leeuwenhoek

A
  • 1632-1723

- first to describe bacteria in 1676

136
Q

Ferdinan Cohn

A
  • 1828-1898

- founded field of bacteria classification and discovered bacterial endospores

137
Q

louis pasteur

A

-1822-1895
discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
-disproved theory of spontaneous generation
-developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

138
Q

enantiomers

A

two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that aren’t superimposable (not identical)

139
Q

robert koch

A
  • 1843-1910
  • german physician and microbiologist
  • demonstrated link between microbes and infectious diseases
  • discovered using solid media provided simple way of obtaining pure culture
  • observed diff shapes, colors and sizes
140
Q

microbial diversity

A

field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology such as microbial diversity of soil and water & metabolic processes that microorganisms in these habitats

141
Q

martinus beijerinck

A
  • 1851-1931

- developed enrichment culture technique

142
Q

sergei winogradsky

A
  • 1856-1953
  • concept of chemolithotrophy
  • performed first isolation of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium
143
Q

operon

A

functional unit of genomic DNA containing cluster of genes under control of a single regulatory signal o promoter

144
Q

have roots in Koch’s work

A

medical microbiology and immunology

145
Q

developed from concepts developed by Beijerinck and winogradsky

A

agricultural and industrial microbiology

146
Q

developed from advances in soil microbiology

A

aquatic and marine microbiology

147
Q

emerged in 1960-70s

A

microbial ecology

148
Q

biotechnology

A

products of genetically engineered microorganisms

149
Q

microbial systematics

A

science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

150
Q

microbial physiology

A

study of nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and products they generate

151
Q

microbial ecology

A

study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats

152
Q

cytology

A

study of cellular structure

153
Q

microbial biochemistry

A

study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

154
Q

bacterial genetics

A

study of heredity and variation in bacteria

155
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

156
Q

biotechnology

A
  • manipulation of cellular genomes
  • DNA sequencing
  • PCR
  • identification of iRNA
  • CRISP: clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats
157
Q

genomics

A

study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells

158
Q

transcriptomics

A

study of RNA patterns

159
Q

proteomics

A

study of all the proteins produced by cells

160
Q

metabolomics

A

study of metabolic expression in cells

Infectious Disease and Microbiology (9 decks)

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