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Infectious Disease and Microbiology > Bacterial Diseases > Flashcards

Bacterial Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Signs/symptoms of Infection by Escherichia coli

A
  • Tiredness, Shaking, Chills, Pain in loin, Burning sensation when peeing
  • Pale, suprapubic tenderness
  • Positive nitrite, pus cells and protein
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2
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney

-commonly caused by bacterial infection spread up urinary tract or travelled through the bloodstream

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3
Q

Uropathogenic E. coli major cause

A

UTI in anatomically normal, unobstructed urinary tracts

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4
Q

E. coli

A

motile, nonsporing gram negative bacillus with a typical bacterial cell wall of LPS

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5
Q

What kind of flagella does E. coli have?

A

Peritrichous flagella

-posess fimbrias important in adhesion

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6
Q

Agents that cause UTI

A
  • Enterococci

- Enterobacteriacceae

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7
Q

Structure of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

-lipid containing beta-hydroxy fatty acids attached to carbohydrate, core carbohydrate component consisting of monomers of different carbohydrates

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8
Q

Infection by Escherichia coli

A

entry into body, spread within body, spread from person to person

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9
Q

Why is female generally more likely to have a UTI compared to male?

A

Length of the urethra

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10
Q

In adulthood, up to ______ of females will have a urinary tract infection at some time in their lives

A

40%

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11
Q

Why is lack of estrogen risk factor for UTI in post-menopausal women?

A

microbial flora changes from one mainly of lactobacilli (Gram +) to one with gram -

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12
Q

What is a significant risk factor in hospitals for both males and females for UTI?

A

Catheterization

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13
Q

UTI clinical presentation in neonates

A

nonspecific with vomiting and fever

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14
Q

UTI clinical presentation in older children and adults

A

Cystitis ( inflammation of urinary bladder)
Dysuria (painful or difficult urination)
Suprapubic pain and fever
Hematuria (blood in urine)

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15
Q

UTI clinical presentation in elderly patients

A

Typical picture of fever, incontinence, dementia or signs suggestive of chest infection

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16
Q

UTI complications

A

renal scarring, septicemia, papillary necrosis, parenchymal abscess and perinephric abscess

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17
Q

UTI diagnosis

A
  • culturing mid-stream specimen of urine

- number of bacteria in urine greater than 10^5 CFU/ml

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18
Q

UTI related cystitis treated with

A

3 days of ATB

  • Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
  • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
  • Amoxycillin
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19
Q

Mac Conkey’s agar contains

A

carbohydrate Lactose

-allows differentiation onf Gram-negative bacteria

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20
Q

Mac Conkey’s agar

A

organisms which ferment Lactose (E. coli) produce acid-end products
-react with pH indicator and produce pink color

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21
Q

Infection by Clostridium difficlile signs

A

Chest infection, profuse watery diarrhea, abdominal pain

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22
Q

toxic megacolon

A

abnormal dilation of the colon that develops within a few days and can be life threatening

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23
Q

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A

Penicillins, Aztreoman, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

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24
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

anaerobic spore-forming motile (gram + rod bacteria)

-pathogen produce toxins that can cause severe bloody diarrhea in patients treated with antibiotics

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25
Clostridium difficile produces
- irregular (crenated edges) white colonies in blood agar | - is saccharolytic and produces three exotoxines ( TcdA, TcdB and binary toxin)
26
Toxin A and B induce
glycosylation of G-proteins and ultimately affect actin polymerization leading to loss of tissue integrity
27
Third toxin
binary toxin that has ADP ribosylating activity | -associated with increased virulence
28
Clostridium difficile entry into body
following ingestion of spores from contaminated feces or environment - bacteria colonized mainly large intestine of GI tract - commensal, normally doesn't cause disease
29
Clostridium difficile diagnosis
detection of toxins in feces by ELISA and GDH (glutamate Dehydrogenase)
30
Psuedomembranous colitis diagnosed by
colonoscopy | -raised yellowish plaques may be seen on mucosa
31
Clostridium difficile treatment
First line: Vanomycin or metronidazole | Alternatives: Cholestryamine, Bacitracin-fuscidic acid/rifaximin, probiotic/fecal enema, intravenous immunoglobulin
32
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
fecal transplant for multiple recurrence | -used primarily to treat Clostridium difficile-associated infection
33
Pulsed-field Gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
laboratory technique used to produce DNA fingerprint for bacterial isolate (group of same type of bacteria)
34
Infection by Staphylococcus aureus signs
Septic shock, acute renal and respiratory failure - fever of 39.3 C - Arterial blood gas pO2: 89mmHg - WBC count: 27,000 mm3 - gram +, catalase +, coagulase + coccus resistant to methicillin
35
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- gram + cocci that grow in grape like clusters | - produce enzyme catalase
36
S aureus
typical gram + cell wall - thick peptidoglycan layer - extensively cross-linked with pentaglycine bridges - secretes coagulase (binds soluble fibrinogen)
37
pleural effusion
excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity - fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs - excess can impair breathing by limiting lung expansion
38
Infection by Staphylococcus aureus entry
- Requires breach in the skin or mucosa (catheter, surgical incision, burn, traumatic wound, ulceration or viral skin lesion) - person to person spread (direct contact or contact with fomite)
39
fomites
an inanimate object that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another
40
Skin infection by staphylococcus aureus
superficial (impetigo), infection of hair follicles (folliculitis), boils (furuncles), deeper infections (carbuncles)
41
What causes carbuncles to occur?
When furuncles unite and extend deeper into the subcutaneous tissues forming sinus tracts
42
S. aureus is a frequent cause of:
bacteremia | -half of instances are nosocomial
43
Nosocomial
associated with surgical wound infection and foreign bodies such as indwelling catheters or sutures
44
_______ endocarditis has a _____ mortality and may throw off _____ _______ that may infer other organs
S. aureus, high, septic emboli
45
Pneumonia may result if
bacteria reach the lungs via the bloodstream or as a result of aspiration
46
What may result from hematogenous spread or from a skin infection?
Acute and chronic osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
47
S aureus secretes:
several toxins | -some function as superantigens
48
superantigens
recognized by T-cells without being processed into peptides that are captured by MHC
49
superantigens activate
T cells and macrophages | -leading to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and T cell proliferation
50
superantigens cause
fever, diffuse macular rash, desquamation (including palms, soles), hypotension and shock
51
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
mediated by the exfoilative toxins A and B produced by exfoliative toxins A and B produced by certain strains of S. aureus -mainly in neonates and young children following infection of mouth, nose, throat or umbilicus
52
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome syptoms
large areas of skin blister and peel away - leaves wet, red and painful areas - healing occurs within 1-2 weeks
53
Diagnosis of infection by staphylococcus aureus
microscopy: gram stain (small grape shape clusters of gram+ cocci) culture: grow well on blood agar after 24-48 hrs at 37 C
54
Staphylococci are
facultative anaerobes
55
colonies of S. aureus are
large, smooth, glossy domes with an entire edge | -look golden yellow
56
almost all strains of S. aureus are
Beta-hemolytic (complete breakdown of RBCs) | - due to secretion of cytotoxins
57
mannitol salt agar
contains 7.5% sodium chloride and mannitol | -carbon source useful selective and differential medium to recover staphs
58
Phenol red reveals colonies fermenting mannitol because
acid produced by colonies changes color of agar from pink to yellow
59
Catalase_______ hydrogen peroxide to _____ and molecular _____
reduces, water, oxygen
60
s aureus is coagulase
+
61
coagulase will cause the plasma to
clot
62
resistance to penicillin is mediated by a
plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase (penicillinase) which hydrolyzes the beta-lactam ring of the molecule
63
MRSA
methicillin-resistant s aureus
64
What is reserved for staphylococcal strains that are resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins and clindamycin?
vancomycin | -mainly acts by prevention of cell-wall biosynthesis of bacteria
65
What may be used to treat superficial or localized skin infections caused by S. aureus?
mupirocin | -inhibits bacterial protein and RNA synthesis
66
infection by streptococcus pneumoniae
fevers, shaking chills, and productive cough - coughing up blood-tinged sputum - left side chest pain when breathing or coughing - shortness of breath - BP: 140/80, respiratory rate: 24
67
S. pneumoniae is one of the main causes of
respiratory tract infections | -most common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia
68
S. pneumoniae
gram+, catalase negative diplococcus - grows readily on blood agar - colonies gray-green color
69
catalase test
used to distinguish streptococci (negative) from staphylococci (positive)
70
polysaccharide capsule impedes phagocytosis primarily by
inhibiting deposition of the opsonic C3b | -capsule is most importantly virulence factor
71
s. pneumoniae enters body through
oral-nasal route via respiratory droplets and adheres to oropharyngeal epithelium via adhesin molecule
72
pneumococcal pneumonia typically presents with
abrupt onset of fever and shaking chills - majority of patients have productive cough - blood-tinged sputum and pleurisy (pleural infection) - sinusitis and otitis media
73
streptococus pneumoniae diagnosis
microsocopy: exam sputum, blood cerebrospinal fluid, bullet shaped diplococci
74
infection by neisseria gonorrhoae
dysuria, pus like drainage, tenderness at tip of penis, fever, shaking, chills, lower abdominal pain
75
What is a reportable infectious disease by law in the US to public health authorities?
gonorrhea
76
Gonorrhea transmission and presentation
gonococcus - sexually transmitted pathogen - acquired and spread horizontally by vagina, anal or oral intercourse - can be spread vertically from mother to baby - anorectal infection, pharyngeal infection, conjunctivitis, disseminated gonococcal infection
77
an increased _____ load has been found in semen of men with______
HIV, gonorrhea
78
gonorrhea in male
infection of genitourinary tract, urethral discomfort, pain/difficulty urinating, discharge
79
gonorrhea in female
endocervicitis, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, urethritis, cervicitis
80
neisseria gonorrhea
fastidious microorganism that grows on blood agar and chocolate agar - usually isolated on selective media (modified thayer-martin [MTM] agar) - gram - diplococci - utilized glucose only (produces acid)
81
What is the only current recommended treatment for gonorrhea?
cephalosporins

Infectious Disease and Microbiology (9 decks)

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