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Immunology > Overview of Immunity > Flashcards

Overview of Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple levels of protection

A

Layering

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2
Q

Redundancy

A

A single pathogen can be fought by the immune system multiple ways

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3
Q

What components of the immune system does blood contain?

A

Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, Clotting factors, Complement, and Antibodies

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4
Q

Two steps of the immune response.

A

First, recognition. Second, recruitment of effector mechanisms

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5
Q

Circulatory component of the immune system.

A

Lymphatic System

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6
Q

Functions of lymph nodes

A
  1. Filter interstitial fluids
  2. Removing antigens and make them available to B and T cells
  3. Provide a location where antigens can initiate an immune response
  4. Place for B cells to make antibodies
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7
Q

Functions of the lymph nodes

A
  1. Filter lymph
  2. Place for B & T cells to meet up
  3. Provide location where antigens can initiate immune response.
  4. Place for B cells to make antibodies.
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8
Q

Branches of the immune system

A

Innate and adapative

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9
Q

Non-specific immunity

A

Innate Immunity

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10
Q

Examples of Innate Immunity

A

Skin, mucus, eyelids

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11
Q

Acquired by antigen exposure and specific to a given antigen

A

Adaptive immunity

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12
Q

Clonal expansion (Clonal proliferation)

A

Activated B & T cells increase in number

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13
Q

Myeloid lineage

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages

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14
Q

Categories of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral and cell-mediated

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15
Q

Humoral Response

A

B cell response, antibodies

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16
Q

T-cell response

A

Cell-mediated response

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17
Q

Components of Innate Immunity

A
  1. Leukocytes (macrophages)
  2. Biochemical constituents (enzymes)
  3. Anatomical/physical barriers
  4. Proteins (complement, cytokines, chemokines)
  5. Inflammation
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18
Q

What is the key function of the immune system?

A

To prevent and control infections, eliminate the pathogens and their harmful products, and distinguish between self and non self.

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19
Q

A coordinated effort between cells, cytokines, and circulating proteins to remove or limit the spread of infectious agent.

A

Inflammation

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20
Q

Lymphocytes that have yet to encounter their antigen

A

Naive cells

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21
Q

Effector cells

A

Carry out the immune function

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22
Q

Memory cells

A

Circulate and await next encounter with the antigen.

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23
Q

Four granulocytes

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Mast cells
  4. Neutrophils
24
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. B cells
25
Q

Produced by activated B cells

A

Antibodies

26
Q

Proteins produced by activated immune cells

A

Cytokines

27
Q

Proteins circulating in the blood stream aiding to the immune response

A

Complement

28
Q

Production of antibodies and protection against extracellular pathogens by B cells

A

Humoral Immunity

29
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity…

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cell mediated

30
Q

Opsonization is related to which form of immunity

A

Innate

31
Q

Antibodies are related to which form of immunity

A

Adaptive

32
Q

What 3 mechanisms of action does innate immunity use?

A
  1. Complement lysis
  2. Opsonization
  3. PAMP recognition
33
Q

What mechanisms of action does adaptive immunity use?

A
  1. Antibody neutralization
  2. Antibody-mediated ADCC
  3. Antibody and complement-mediated opsonization
  4. Complement lysis
34
Q

Cellular and non cellular components of innate immunity

A
  1. Cellular components (PMNs)
  2. Soluble components (antibodies, complements)
  3. Intracellular (oxidative burst)
  4. Extracellular (clotting, lysis)
35
Q

2 parts of the immune response

A
  1. Recognition

2. Effector mechanisms

36
Q

Steps of recognition

A
  1. Recognize pathogen as non-self

2. Recognize the specific pathogens

37
Q

Steps of effector mechanisms

A
  1. Kill or remove pathogen and products

2. Repair damage

38
Q

Network of vessels and nodes that circulate and filter plasma-derived fluid

A

Lymph nodes

39
Q

Three characteristics of innate immunity…

A
  1. Non-specific
  2. Present and birth
  3. Always “on” at basal levels
40
Q

5 characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Specific
  2. Activated only when a specific pathogen is encountered
  3. Get better with each encounter
  4. Provide memory for next encounter
  5. Must be up regulated - slower to develop
41
Q

How is innate immunity activated?

A

Activated by motifs or patterns common to pathogens

42
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Innate immunity

43
Q

What are the cellular and non-cellular mechanisms of innate immunity

A
  1. Anatomical barriers (Skin)
  2. Clearance mechanisms (phagocytosis)
  3. Physiological variables (pH)
  4. Chemical barriers (superoxide)
  5. Enzymatic proteins (lysozyme)
  6. Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
44
Q

Cellular components of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Lymphocytes (B and T Cells)
  2. Leukocytes (granulocytes)
  3. APC’s
45
Q

Cells before activation

A

Naive cells

46
Q

Cells which have been activated and carry out immune function

A

Effector cells

47
Q

Cells which have been activated but are resting until next encounter

A

Memory Cells

48
Q

Non-cellular components of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Antibodies (B cells)
  2. Cytokines (T cells)
  3. Complement (bloodstream)
49
Q

Humoral immunity protects against extracellular or intracellular pathogens and products?

A

Extracellular

50
Q

Which type of T cell is involved in humoral immunity?

A

CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2)

51
Q

Does cell mediated immunity protect against intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

A

Intracellular

52
Q

Which T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1)

53
Q

How does innate immunity regulate adaptive immunity?

A

APCs phagocytose antigens and present them to T cells
Phagocytes and infected cells produce cytokines which affect activation and differentiation of B and T cells
Cytokines then guide the adaptive response

54
Q

How does adaptive immunity regulate innate immunity

A

T cells produce cytokines that increase phagocytic activity and intracellular killing

55
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

56
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, gut, and other mucosal tissues

Immunology (4 decks)

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