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Immunology > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cells of different lineage and function develop from?

A

The pluripotent stem cell

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2
Q

True or False. Hematopoiesis declines with age.

A

True

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3
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells can become…

A
  1. Self-renewing stem cells
  2. Myeloid cells
  3. Lymphoid cells
  4. Erythroid cells
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4
Q

How many days to monocytes circulate in the blood?

A

1-3 days

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5
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Monocytes that have exited the blood, further differentiated and become fixed in the tissues

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6
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

In the liver

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7
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

In the brain

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8
Q

Where are Alveolar cells found?

A

In the lung

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9
Q

What is CR1?

A

A surface receptor which is complement receptor 3 for complement protein C3b

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10
Q

What are Fc receptors?

A

Bind to the Fc portion of IgG and IgE

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11
Q

What does Interferon-gamma (IFN-y) do and what produces it?

A

Activates macrophages in their resting state, produced by Th1, CD8 and NK cells

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12
Q

When can a macrophage become activated?

A
  1. By IFN-y cytokine
  2. When surface PRRs bind to PAMPs
  3. When it opsonizes a pathogen via its Fc or CR3 receptors
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13
Q

What three phases do Macrophages have?

A

Resting, activated, hyperactivated

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14
Q

What happens during the activated state of a macrophage?

A

Phagocytosis, killing ingested pathogens, and antigen presenting

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15
Q

What happens during the hyperactivated state of macrophages?

A

Secrete cytokines and complement proteins, kill pathogens within the macrophage, and present antigens

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16
Q

What is oxidative burst?

A

Killing pathogens within the macrophage

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17
Q

When phagocytosis occurs through either the Fc or complement receptors

A

Opsonization

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18
Q

The name for the antibody and complement proteins

A

Opsonins

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19
Q

List the steps of killing the pathogen inside the cell

A
  1. Increased acidity of the phagosome by pumping in H+
  2. Fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome
  3. Release of lytic enzymes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules
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20
Q

What is oxidative burst?

A

Release of lytic enzymes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules

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21
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of immune cells

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22
Q

What is needed for lysosomes and lytic enzymes to work?

A

Low pH

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23
Q

What are the first cytokines released when a microbe is first phagocytized?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, and complements

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24
Q

Short-lived dedicated killers that circulate in the blood until recruited

A

Neutrophils

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25
Q

What is the most predominant granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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26
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear cells

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27
Q

What are neutrophils made of?

A

3 granulocytes that contain enzymes which aid in killing

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28
Q

Immunopathology

A

Damage to neighboring healthy cells in infection

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29
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils?

A

Less than 2 days

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30
Q

What is the Number 1 phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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31
Q

What is released by neutrophils to kill pathogens?

A

Lytic enzymes and defensins

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32
Q

What are defensins?

A

Small peptides that polk holes in the membranes

33
Q

True or False. Neutrophils do not have oxidative burst.

A

False, they do

34
Q

What type of nucleus is found in an eosinophil?

A

Bi-lobed

35
Q

Which isotype do eosinophils have high affinity receptors for?

A

IgE

36
Q

Which isotype do easinophils have low affinity receptors for?

A

IgG

37
Q

Which granulocyte is important in the pathogenesis of asthma or other chronic inflammatory diseases?

A

Eosinophils

38
Q

Which granulocyte plays a major role in parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

What surface receptor does Basophil have?

A

For IgE

40
Q

Degranulation

A

The release of contents from the granules

41
Q

What do the granules in Basophils contain?

A

Histamine and vasodilators

42
Q

Where are mast cells mostly found?

A

Along connective tissue and skin

43
Q

Mast cells have high affinity receptors for which isotype?

A

IgE

44
Q

What processes are platelets involved in?

A

Blood clotting and inflammation

45
Q

Which cells are platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryotes

46
Q

Platelets have surface receptors for what 3 cells…

A
  1. Fibrinogen (clotting)
  2. Complement protein C3b (inflammation)
  3. Cytokines (CXCR4)
47
Q

What fraction of platelets circulate?

A

2/3

48
Q

What fraction of platelets are found in the spleen?

A

1/3

49
Q

Where are dendritic cells predominantly found?

A

Mostly in the skin

50
Q

What do dendritic cells do after they phagocytose a microbe?

A

Migrate to the nearest lymphoid organ and present antigen to the T cells

51
Q

Dendritic cells that have migrated to the lymphoid organ

A

Interdigitating cells

52
Q

True or False. Only mature dendritic cells phagocytose.

A

False, only immature ones do

53
Q

What is the most effective APC?

A

Dendritic cells

54
Q

What is negative selection of thymoctyes

A

Where T cells which recognize self are eliminated

55
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells found?

A

In germinal centers and follicles of lymphoid organs

56
Q

What is the function of follicular dendritic cells?

A

To present whole, unprocessed antigen to B cells to keep them activated during affinity maturation

57
Q

True or False. Antigens are not internalized after they bing to FDC surface.

A

True

58
Q

What type of T lymphocyte does CD4 become?

A

T helper cell

59
Q

What type of T lymphocyte does CD8 become?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL or Tc)

60
Q

What is a CTL?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte

61
Q

What functions do CD4 and CD8 serve?

A
  1. Surface markers to identify T cells
  2. Antigen coreceptors
  3. Determine which MHC class antigen presentation is recognized
62
Q

What two subpopulations is CD4 divided into?

A

Th1 and Th2

63
Q

How is Th1 and Th2 determined?

A

Based on cytokine production

64
Q

Which cytokines favor Th1?

A

IL-12 and IFN-y

65
Q

Which cytokines favor Th2?

A

IL-4 and IL-10

66
Q

Th1 cells stimulate which cells?

A

CD8 T cells

67
Q

Th2 cells stimulate which cells?

A

B cells to produce antibodies

And isotype switching in B cells

68
Q

What three cells come from the myeloid lineage?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages

69
Q

What three cells come from the lymphoid lineage?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells

70
Q

What cells are members of the innate immune system?

A

Myeloid and NK cells

71
Q

Which cells are members of the adaptive immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) that are classified as neutrophils, basophils, and easinophils

73
Q

Which cells constitute the majority of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

74
Q

Which granulocytes are nonphagocytoxic?

A

Basophils

75
Q

What is the best known protein in basophils and its purpose?

A

Histamine, to increase blood vessel permeability and smoot muscle activity

76
Q

True or False. Mast cells only differentiate after leaving the blood.

A

True

77
Q

Are easinophils phagocytoxic?

A

Yes

78
Q

Which cells make connections between the innate and adaptive systems? They make contact with a pathogen and then communicate this pathogen to the site of infection.

A

Myeloid-antigen presenting cells.

Immunology (4 decks)

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