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immunology 101 > Overview Of Immune System > Flashcards

Overview Of Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease that is characterized by:[1][2]

A

Synovial inflammation
Joint damage
Disability
Symptoms beyond the synovial joint (extra-articular manifestations)

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2
Q

Key modulators of cell migration and inflammation in RA are:

A

Key modulators of cell migration and inflammation in RA are:
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

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3
Q

GranulocytesMacrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)
RANKL expression regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including:
TNF-a
IL-1, IL-6, and interleukin-17 (IL-17)
MCSF, IL-6, and interleukin-11 (IL-11) foster formation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells through a RANKL-independent mechanismMacrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF)
RANKL expression regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including:
TNF-a
IL-1, IL-6, and interleukin-17 (IL-17)
MCSF, IL-6, and interleukin-11 (IL-11) foster formation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells through a RANKL-independent mechanism

A

Are produced in the bone marrow and are real eased into the blood when mature.

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4
Q

Granulocytes include:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Kbasophils
  4. Mast cells
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5
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte and make up 60% to 70% of all of the circulating leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

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6
Q

What is the most numerous white blood cells that ingest bacteria and other cells?

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

Which inflammatory cells involved in allergy and parasitic infections-specifically parasitic worms?

A

Eosinophils

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8
Q

These cells are the least numerous of the white blood cells which circulate in the bloodstream. They synthesize and store histamine

A

Basophils

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9
Q

These white blood cells are very similar to basophils except that they do not circulate in the blood but are found in lymph nodes or in tissues. They plan an important role in the symptoms of allergic reactions

A

Mast Cells

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10
Q

What are Monocytes, dendritic cells and lymphocytes?

A

Mononuclear Cells

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11
Q

What are phagocytes that circulate in the blood and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells?

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

What rids the body of bacteria, other infectious particles, worn out cells and other debri by the process of Phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

What are phagocytosis cells that work to rid the body of pathogens and are present in epithelial tissue as well as other tissues in the body?

A

Dendritic Cells

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14
Q

Which cell function as the “sentinels” to detect invading microbes and is the body’s most versatile sensors of pathogens and damaged cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

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15
Q

Which are the main types of Lymphocytes?

A

T and B Cells

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16
Q

Which lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies against specific targets to which they have been exposed?

A

B Cells

17
Q

Which lymphocytes during an immune response mature into either effector cells that directly attack the antigen or provide help to other cells?

A

T Cells–T lymphocytes

18
Q

What is a third class of lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow and are released into the blood..and are best known for

  1. their ability to recognize and kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
  2. Produce large amounts of some cytokines such as interferon gamma
A

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

19
Q

The primary organs of the lymphatic system are:

A
  • Bone Marrow

- Thymus

20
Q

What are the bodies 2 main types of defenses to the many microbes it encounters each day such as viruses, bacteria and fungi?

A
  1. Innate immunity

2. Adaptive immunity

21
Q

What is something a person is born with and requires no previous exposure to foreign invaders to work?

A

Innate Immunity

22
Q

What requires a previous exposure to a specific pathogen to begin working so that it can produce an increased response to a repeat exposure of that specific pathogen?

A

Adaptive Immunity

23
Q

Innate Immunity responses include:

A
  1. Physical and chemical barriers
  2. Cellular defenses
  3. Protective proteins
  4. Inflammatory response
24
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A
  1. Phagocytes (including neutrophils and macrophages)
  2. Dendritic Cells
  3. NK Cells
25
Q

Which white blood cells protect the body by ingesting and destroying microbes and cell debris?

A

Phagocytes

26
Q

Which are the most common type of circulating white blood cell that play a very important role in the earliest stages of the inflammatory response?

If it is destroyed during the inflammatory process, it will release toxic enzymes and other substances in an attempt to destroy the foreign invaders

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

What are the mature monocytes that are found throughout the organs and connective tissue which are able to:

  1. Identify and ingest microbes and damaged tissue cells
  2. Secrete certain cytokines that summon monocytes and other leukocytes to the infection site to enhance the immune response
A

Macrophages

28
Q

Which cells are able to distinguish infected cells from healthy cells?

A

NK Cells

29
Q

These proteins are released by cells in response to infection by a virus and activate immune cells to promote the immune response.

A

Interferon Proteins

30
Q

What are the stages of the inflammatory Response?

A
  1. Histamine Release
  2. Phagocytosis and cytokines release—Neutrophils are first to arrive
  3. Entry by Neutrophils and monocytes:
  4. Blood Clotting: to repair damaged area and prevent blood loss
31
Q

Adaptive immunity is also called_________immunity because the body develops this protection over time after exposure to particular microbes.

A

Acquired

32
Q

In humoral immunity,___________secretes antibodies, which recognize and bind to extra cellular microbes and help the body eliminate them.

A

B Cells

33
Q

What plays an important role in the immune system by relaying chemical signals related to cell growth, cell differentiation, and immune responses?

A

Cytokines

34
Q

Which cells produce Cytokines?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Dendritic Cells
35
Q

The primary functions of Cytokines are:

A
  1. Triggering inflammation
  2. Preventing viruses from reproducing
  3. Enhancing T cell, B cell and macrophage function
  4. Regulating the extent of the innate immune response.
36
Q

Which cytokines work to promote inflammation?

A 
IL-1
IL-6
IL-12
IL-17
IL-23
TNFs
37
Q

Interleukins, interferons, TNFs and colony stimulating factors are groups of_____?

A

Cytokines

38
Q

Cytokines play an important role in the immune system by relaying______ related to cell growth, cell differentiation, and immune responses.

A

Chemical signals

immunology 101 (4 decks)

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