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Overview of Immune Responses (Lec 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How are microbes able to survive in animals?

A

By growing extracellular -immersed in nutrients. Other microbes invade and live intracellular - replicate utilizing host-cell energy sources

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2
Q

What are examples of a worm parasite?

A

tapeworms, filaria

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3
Q

What are examples of a protozoan parasite?

A

trypanosomes, leishmania, malaria

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4
Q

What are examples of a fungi parasite?

A

candida, aspergillus

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5
Q

What are examples of a bacteria parasite?

A

bacteroides, staphylococcus, streptococcus, mycobacteria

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6
Q

What are examples of a virus parasite?

A

polio, pox viruses, influenza, hepatitis B, HIV

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7
Q

Define Immunity

A

Defense mechanisms which provide protection from infectious disease

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8
Q

What are antigens?

A

noninfectious foreign substances that can elicit an immune response (proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids)

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9
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Cells that recognize antigens. Smallest unit to which an antibody can be made is 3-6 amino acids.

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10
Q

What to antibodies bind to?

A

conformational antigenic determinants which are dependent on folding of molecule.

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11
Q

What do T cell receptors recognize?

A

linear amino acid sequences

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12
Q

What are immunogens?

A

antigens that can stimulate an immune response

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13
Q

True or False?

All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens.

A

True

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14
Q

What are Haptens?

A

very small molecules that can bind to antibodies or T cell receptors but can’t initiate an immune response

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15
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

The first line of defense against infection, gives rise to the acute inflammatory response, some specificity but no memory

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16
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Takes longer to develop, highly specific, and has memory

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17
Q

Innate immunity cellular and chemical barriers include:

A

skin, mucosal epithelia, antimicrobial molecules

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18
Q

Innate immunity blood proteins include:

A

complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines

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19
Q

Innate immunity cells include:

A

phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells

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20
Q

Adaptive immunity cellular and chemical barriers include:

A

lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies secreted at epithelial surfaces

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21
Q

Adaptive immunity blood proteins include:

A

antibodies, cytokines

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22
Q

Adaptive immunity cells include:

A

B and T lymphocytes

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23
Q

True or False?

Many of the cells and molecules of the innate immune system are also used by the adaptive immune system and vice versa.

A

True, the innate and adaptive immune systems work together.

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24
Q

True or False?

In addition to inflammation, the innate immune system is a “decision-making stage” of an immune response

A

True, it evaluates the invader in the context of intracellular vs extracellular microbes and then provides the instruction to the adaptive immunity.

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25
How do cells communicate?
through direct cell-to-cell contacts and interactions involving cytokines and chemokines
26
What are cytokines?
a large group of small secreted proteins with diverse structures and functions (growth and differentiation of all immune cells, activation of effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes)
27
What are chemokines?
a large subset of structurally related cytokines that regulate cell migration and movement
28
Describe T cells
mature under the influence of the thymus and on stimulation by antigens, give rise to cellular immunity
29
Describe B cells
mature mainly under the influence of bone marrow and give rise to humoral immunity, which involves production of soluble molecules (immunoglobulins)
30
What mediates humoral immunity?
Antibodies in the blood and mucosal secretions which are produced by B lymphocytes
31
What mediates cellular immunity?
T lymphocytes
32
What is the principal defense against extracellular microbes?
Humoral adaptive immunity
33
What is the principal defense against intracellular microbes (viruses), where they are inaccessible to circulating antibodies?
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
34
What is the function of cell-mediated immunity?
the destruction of microbes residing in phagocytes or the killing of infected cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection
35
What are the two branches of Adaptive immunity?
Humoral and Cell-mediated
36
Describe humoral immunity
In humoral immunity, B lymphocytes secrete antibodes that prevent infections and eliminate extracellular microbes
37
Describe cell-mediated immunity
In cell-mediated immunity, T helper lymphocytes activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes or cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroy infected cells
38
True or False? | Immunocompetent individuals have very few distinct lymphocytes, which are specific for a different foreign antigen
False, immunocompetent individuals have many distinct lymphocytes
39
In adaptive immunity, what happens when an antigen is introduced?
Lymphocytes with receptors for this antigen seek out and bind it and are triggered to proliferate and differentiate, giving rise to clones of cells specific for the antigen, which then neutralize or eliminate the antigen.
40
When do antigen-specific cells responsible for memory come into play?
late in the immune response
41
What does the clonal selection hypothesis suggest?
explains how the immune system could respond to a large number and variety of antigens
42
According to the clonal selection hypothesis, when do antigen-specific clones of lymphocytes develop?
before and independent of exposure to antigen
43
What is a clone?
a lymphocyte of one specificity and its progeny
44
The generation of a very large number of clones allows for:
maximization of the potential for recognizing diverse microbes
45
What are the phases of Adaptive immune response?
Antigen recognition, lymphocyte activation, antigen elimination, contraction, and memory
46
In what phase of Adaptive immune response do differentiation and clonal expansion occur?
Lymphocyte activation
47
In what phase of Adaptive immune response do antibodies and effector T cells come into play?
antigen elimination
48
In what phase of Adaptive immune response does apoptosis occur?
contraction (homeostasis)
49
True or False? | The secondary adaptive immune response is slower and smaller than the primary response (memory).
False, the secondary response is more rapid and larger than the primary response (memory).
50
True or False? | Memory cells are more effective in combating microbes than are naive lymphocytes
True
51
True or false? Memory cells are more numerous than naive cells specific for the antigen and respond faster and more effectively than do naive cells
True
52
Active immunity is conferred by __________
a host response to a microbe or microbial antigen
53
Passive immunity is conferred by ___________
adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe
54
What provides resistance to infection and are specific for microbial antigens: Active immunity, Passive immunity, or both ?
Both
55
What type of immune responses generate immunologic memory?
Only active immune responses
56
Describe B lymphocytes
recognize soluble antigens and develop into antibody-secreting cells
57
Describe T helper lymphocytes
recognize antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and secrete cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation
58
Describe Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
recognize antigens on infected cells and kill these cells
59
Describe regulatory T cells
suppress and prevent immune responses (ex: to self antigens)
60
What is the mean lymphocyte count?
2500
61
What is the primary function of phagocytes?
ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissue
62
What are the two types of phagocytes?
neutrophils and macrophages
63
What are the steps in functional responses of phagocytes?
recruitment of the cells to the site of infection, recognition of and activation by microbes, ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytosis, destruction of ingested microbes
64
What do activated phagocytes secrete?
cytokines
65
True or false? | Neutrophils mediate in the later phases of inflammatory reactions
False, neutrophils mediate the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions
66
Where are neutrophils produced?
bone marrow
67
What is production of neutrophils stimulated by?
cytokine called granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
68
How many neutrophils does an adult human produce per day?
1 x 10^11
69
How long do neutrophils circulate in the blood?
for hours or a few days
70
How long do neutrophils function after entering tissue?
for 1 to 2 days and then they die
71
What are neutrophil extracellular traps?
composed of DNA and histones, contribute to the immobilization and killing of extracellular organisms
72
True or False? | Mitochondria can also serve as a source of DNA for NET formation?
True
73
What do mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play a role in?
innate and adaptive immune responses, protect against helminthes and reactions that cause allergic diseases
74
What colors do granules from mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils stain>
mast cell - purple blood basophil - blue eosinophil - red
75
Where are mast cells located?
sites that are exposed to the external environment, such as the skin. They are also in close proximity to blood vessels, where they can regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment
76
How do mast cells modulate the behavior of local cell populations?
release of mediators
77
What does the mononuclear phagocyte system include?
circulating monocytes and resident tissue macrophages
78
What do macrophages play a central role in?
innate and adaptive immunity
79
Where do macrophages arise from?
precursor cells in the bone marrow
80
True or False? Mature monocytes enter the blood circulation and then migrate into tissues, where they further mature into macrophages, especially during inflammation
True
81
What is the origin of mononuclear phagocytes in the fetus vs. adult?
fetus - yolk sac | adult - bone marrow
82
Where do dendritic cells arise from?
a common precursor cell of the myeloid lineage in bone marrow
83
What do dendritic cells further differentiate into?
subsets, the major ones being classical DCs and plasmacytoid DCs
84
What do inflammatory dendritic cells arise from?
monocytes in inflamed tissues
85
Langerhans cells in the skin appear early in life and may develop from ________
embryonic precursors

Immunology (12 decks)

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