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Immunology > Innate Immunity Part II (Lec 5) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Part II (Lec 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical - with antibody

Alternate - just microbial surface

Lectin - mannose binding lectin

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2
Q

C3a is involved in the first step of the complement system and results in what?

A

inflammation

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3
Q

C3b is involved in the second step of the complement system and results in what?

A

opsonization and phagocytocis, initiates activation of C5 and formation of C5 convertase

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4
Q

C5a like C3a, results in what?

A

inflammation

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5
Q

The last step in the complement system is what?

A

formation of membrane attack complex that creates holes in plasma membranes - lysis of microbe

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6
Q

Complement activation involves ___ ____ in which an inactive enzyme, called a zymogen, is altered to become an active protease that cleaves the next complement protein in the cascade.

A

proteolytic cascades

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7
Q

Enzymatic cascades result in ___ ____ of the amount of proteolytic products that are generated.

A

tremendous amplification

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8
Q

The complement system works in cooperation with these to other proteolytic cascades

A

blood coagulation pathways

kinin-kallikrein system (vascular permeability)

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9
Q

C3 convertase does what?

A

cleaves the central protein of the complement system, producing C3a and C3b

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10
Q

What are collectins?

A

soluble effector molecules in the innate immune system

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11
Q

What is MBL?

A

a soluble PRR that binds carbohydrates with terminal mannose and fructose and enhances phagocytosis of microbes

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12
Q

Low MBL levels are associated with what?

A

increased susceptibility to a variety of infections

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13
Q

What are the major functions of SP-A and SP-D collectins?

A

maintain the ability of the lungs to expand and as mediators of innate immune response, they act as opsonins, facilitating phagocytocis by alveolar macrophages

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14
Q

SP-A and SP-D can directly inhibit what? Driectly activate what?

A

inhibit: bacterial growth
activate: macrophages

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15
Q

What are Ficolins?

A

plasma proteins that are structurally similar to collectins but they have a fibrinogen-type carbohydrate recognition domain. they are humoral molecules of the innate immune system

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16
Q

The molecular ligands of the ficolins are located on the cell walls of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

A

gram-postive

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17
Q

What is the function of ficolins?

A

opsonizing bacteria and activating complement system similar to MBL

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18
Q

In phagocytocis, what kills the microbes?

A

reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteolytic enzymes

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19
Q

What does activation of macrophages lead to?

A

activation of transcription factors, transcription of various genes, and the synthesis of proteins

20
Q

Macrophages are activated by what?

A

stimuli from lymphocytes such as CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma

21
Q

What is the cell source of the cytokine TNF?

A

macrophages, T cells

22
Q

What is the cell source of the cytokine IL-1?

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

23
Q

What is the cell source of chemokines?

A

macrophages, DCs, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets

24
Q

What is the cell source of the cytokine IL-12?

A

DCs, macrophages

25
Q

What is the cell course of the cytokine IFN-gamma

A

NK cells, T lymphocytes

26
Q

What is the cell source of Type I IFNs?

A

IFN-alpha: DCs, macrophages

IFN-beta: fibroblasts

27
Q

TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 have multiple local and systemic ____ ___.

A

inflammatory effects

28
Q

True or False?
TNF and IL-1 act locally on leukocytes and endothelium to induce acute inflammation, and both cytokines induce the expression of IL-6 from leukocytes and other cell types.

A

true

29
Q

Systemic TNF can cause the pathologic abnormalities that lead to what?

A

septic shock

30
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P (SAP) are what type of proteins?

A

acute phase proteins from the pentraxin family

31
Q

plasma concentration of CRP and SAP are very low in healthy individuals but can increase up to how much in response to other inflammatory stimuli?

A

1000-fold

32
Q

What is the function of acute phase proteins?

A

recognize microbial structures and participate in innate immunity

33
Q

CRP and SAP recognize what? and what do they activate?

A

recognize phosphorycholine and phosphoatidylethanolamine.

activate complement by binding C1q and initiating the classical pathway

34
Q

Type I IFNs are produced by what?

A

virus infected cells, triggered in response to intracellular TLR signaling and other sensors of viral RNA

35
Q

What do Type I IFNs bind to? what do they activate

A

neighboring uninfected cells. activate JAK-STAT pathways. also bind to receptors on infected cells and induce expression of genes whose products enhance the cell’s susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing

36
Q

Antigen recognition by B cells provides signal 1 for the activation of what?

A

lymphocytes

37
Q

True or False?

Molecules induced by innate immune responses to microbes provide signal 2.

A

true

38
Q

What is the target and effect of TNF?

A 
endothelial cells: activation
neutrophils: activation
hypothalmus: fever
liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
muscle, fat: catabolism
many cell types: apoptosis
39
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-1?

A

endothelial cells: activation
hypothalamus: fever
liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
T cells: TH17 differentiation

40
Q

What is the target and effect of chemokines?

A

leukocytes: increased integrin affinity, chemotaxis, activation

41
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-12?

A

NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma production, increased cytotoxic activity
T cells: TH1 differentiation

42
Q

What is the target and effect of IFN-gamma?

A

Activation of macrophages

Stimulation of some antibody responses

43
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-10?

A

Macrophages, DCs: inhibition of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and class II MHC molecules

44
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-6?

A

Liver: synthesis of acute-phase proteins

B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

45
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-15?

A

NK cells: proliferation

T cells: proliferation

46
Q

What is the target and effect of IL-18?

A

NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesis

47
Q

What is the target and function of TGF-beta?

A

inhibition of inflammation

T cells: differentiation of TH17, regulatory T cells

Immunology (12 decks)

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