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Immunology > Innate Immunity Part I (Lec 4) > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Part I (Lec 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the innate immune system?

A

1) initial host defense response to pathogens that prevents, controls, or eliminates infection
2) eliminates damaged cells and initiates process of tissue repair
3) controls adaptive responses

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2
Q

Inflammation is a response by…?

A

leukocytes and plasma proteins

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3
Q

The anti-viral responses lead to…?

A

inhibition of viral replication

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4
Q

What is the difference between distribution of receptors in innate and adaptive immunity?

A

innate - nonclonal

adaptive - clonal

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5
Q

What are the 5 families of microbial PRRs?

A

TLR, CLR, Nod-like receptors, RIG-like receptors, Cystosolic DNA sensors

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6
Q

PRRs on the cell surface bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns from…?

A

extracellular pathogens

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7
Q

What do endosomal TLRs recognize?

A

nucleic acids of phagocytized microbes

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8
Q

Where are TLRs found?

A

surface and endosomal membranes of DCs, phagocytes, B cells, endothelial cells

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9
Q

Where are NLRs found?

A

cytosol of phagocytes, epithelial cells, and other cells

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10
Q

Where are RLRs found?

A

cytosol of phagocytes and other cells

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11
Q

Where are CDSs found?

A

cytosol of many cell types

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12
Q

Where are CLRs found?

A

plasma membranes of phagocytes

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13
Q

True or False?

TLRs may form homodimers or heterodimers.

A

true

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14
Q

True or False?

TLRs recognize both PAMPs and DAMPs

A

true

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15
Q

Where are TLRs 1,2,4,5,6 expressed?

A

on the cell surface

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16
Q

Where are TLRs 3,7,8,9 expressed?

A

in endosomes

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17
Q

TLR3 uses the adaptor protein TRIF and activates…?

A

the IRF3 and IRF7 transcription factors

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18
Q

True or False?

TLR4 can activate both pathways

A

true

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19
Q

TLRs 1,2,5, & 6 use the adaptor protein MyD88 and activate which transcription factors?

A

NF-kB and AP-1

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20
Q

Which TLRs in the endosome use MyD88 and activate both NF-kB and IRF7

A

TLR 7 and 9

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21
Q

What does cytokine IL-12 control?

A

the adaptive T-cell immune response

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22
Q

What does activation of TLRs trigger?

A

antimicrobial pathways that directly kill the pathogen

note: activation of TLRs can also be detrimental to host: apoptosis, septic shock

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23
Q

What activates cells via TLR4?

A

LPS

24
Q

Microbial lipoproteins activate mammalian immune cells through which TLR?

A

TLR 2

25
Q

Bacterial DNA sequences containing unmethylated cytosine -guanosine dinucleotides work through which TLR?

A

TLR 9

26
Q

All TLRs signal through MyD88 with the exception of…?

A

TLR 3

27
Q

TLR 3 signals through…?

A

TRIF

note: TRIF is also used in conjunction with TRAM in the TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway

28
Q

True or False?

The secreted form of IL-1beta and IL-18 are produced in inflammasome?

A

true

29
Q

What is the NLRP?

A

subfamily of 14 NOD-like receptors that respond to cytosolic PAMPs and DAMPs by binding other proteins and forming signaling complexes called inflammasomes

30
Q

By recruitment to the complex, inflammasomes activate which enzyme?

A

caspase-1

31
Q

What is the main function of caspase-1?

A

to cleave the inactive cytoplasmic precursor forms of two homologous cytokines called IL-1beta and IL-18

32
Q

SRs is a group of receptors that mediate what?

A

the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells

33
Q

SRs SR-A and CD36 are expressed on macrophages and mediate what?

A

recognition/phagocytosis of microorganisms

34
Q

SRs bind various bacterial constituents based on what?

A

negative charges

35
Q

Receptors for carbohydrates belong to the C-type lectin family because they bind ___?

A

carbohydrates

36
Q

The mannose receptor is a C-type lectin which is involved with what?

A

phagocytosis of microbes

37
Q

True or False?
Epithelia at the portals of entry of microbes provide physical barriers, produce antimicrobial substances, and harbor intraepithelial lymphocytes that are believed to kill microbes and infected cells.

A

True

38
Q

What are antimicrobial peptide defensins?

A

small cationic peptides that contain both cationic and hydrophobic regions

39
Q

Defensins are produced by epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces and by granule-containing leukocytes including -___ , ____, and ___.

A

neutrophils, NK cells , and CTLs

40
Q

Synthesis of defenses is stimulated by?

A

cytokines and microbial products

41
Q

True or False?

Defensin alpha and beta are produced by the same cell types?

A

false, different cell types

42
Q

True or False?

Defensins have diret toxicity to microbes

A

true

43
Q

How do defensins kill microbes?

A

by inserting into and disrupting function of the microbial membrane

44
Q

What do defensins regulate?

A

regulate activation of cells involved in the inflammatory response to microbes

45
Q

What produces cathelicidins?

A

neutrophils and barrier epithelial cells

46
Q

Cathelicidins are synthesized as an 18-kD two-domain precursor protein and proteolyticlally cleaved into…?

A

two protective peptides

47
Q

IL-37 is a cathelicidin that…?

A

plays an anti-inflammatory role

48
Q

Mast cells are common at sites in the body that are?

A

exposed to the external environment, such as the skin

49
Q

Mast cells are found in close proximity to blood vessels, where they can..?

A

regulate vascular permeability and effector cell recruitment

50
Q

Although they do not have direct contact with local cell populations, mast cells can modulate the behavior of these and other neighboring effector cells through….?

A

the release of mediators

51
Q

Inflammatory DCs may arise from ___ in inflamed tissues.

A

monocytes

52
Q

Langerhans cells are tissue-resident DCs and may develop from…?

A

embryonic precursors

53
Q

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) developing from a common bone marrow precursor identified by the ___ transcription factor?

A

Id2

54
Q

Match each subset with the specific cytokines, and list immune function
ILC1
ILC2
ILC3

A

ILC1 -> IL-12 and IL-18, defense against viruses

ILC2 -> IL-25 and IL-33, allergic inflammation

ILC3 -> IL-1 and IL-23, intestinal barrier function; lymphoid organogenesis

55
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

recognize ligands on infected cells or cells undergoing other types of stress

kill those infected or stressed host cells

eliminate reservoirs of infection and thus release intracellular pathogens for phagocytosis

56
Q

NK cells respond to IL-12 produced by macrophages and secrete what?

A

IFN-gamma, which in turn activates the macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes

57
Q

NK cells will not attack if it recognizes what type of cell?

A

Class I MHC

NK cells have inhibitory receptor that recognizes class 1 MHC expression

Immunology (12 decks)

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