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Microbiology > overview of immune response > Flashcards

overview of immune response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

innate immune response

A

first response. within a few hours. more broad, helps train adaptive immune response

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2
Q

adaptive immune response

A

immunological memory. reacts much later than innate. very specific for certain pathogens. makes antibodies

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3
Q

why are there more cell types for innate immune response

A

because each type attacks a different type of pathogen

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4
Q

adaptive immune response cells

A

b cells and t cells(natural killer t cells and lymphocytes are both)

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5
Q

after birth _____ occur in the bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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6
Q

three types of cells made from hematopoiesis

A

platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells (myeloid and lymphoid)

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7
Q

types of granulocytes (innate)

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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8
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant leukocyte, 1st responders

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9
Q

basophils

A

for inflammation and allergic response

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10
Q

eosinophils

A

compare parasitic infections and allergic response

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11
Q

types of phagocytes (myeloid lineage)

A

monocytes
macrophages
conventional dendritic cells

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12
Q

monocyte

A

phagocytosis, differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells when they enter tissues

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13
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that reside in all tissues. clear away debris. antigen presenting cells

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

similar to macrophages can activate naive t cells. good at antigen processing

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15
Q

Mast cells

A

(not a granulocyte) involved in defense against parasitic worms and allergic response

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16
Q

lymphoid lineage cells

A

t lymphocytes*
b lymphocytes*
natural killer cells
*- invovoled in adaptive immune response and are antigen specific

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17
Q

t lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic (CD8), helper (CD4) and suppressor/regulatory

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18
Q

b lympohcytes

A

differentiate into plasma cells . antibody production

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19
Q

natural killer cells

A

involved in innate immune response, not antigen specific.

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20
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

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21
Q

antibody (Ab)/ immunoglobulin

A

protective protein made by B cells that recognize 1 specific antigen

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22
Q

how does the cell secrete signaling molecules

A

cytokines and chemokines- movement towards a source

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23
Q

most activation of receptors are

A

external

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24
Q

the cytoplasmic domains gets

A

signally cascade going

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25
Q

steps in cell signaling

A
  1. ligand binds to a receptor and intracellular domains aggregate
  2. phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinases
  3. protein tyrosine kinases initiate a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events leading to
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26
Q

protein tyrosine kinases can initiate events that lead to

A
  1. release of cellular mediators (Ca2)
  2. actin rearragenment
  3. transcriptional activation leading to production of target proteins
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27
Q

cytokines

A

group of secreted proteins that are involved in regulating the innate and adaptive immune response

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28
Q

3 different organizations of lymphoid tissue

A
  1. follicle (organized clusters)
  2. patch (many follicles grouped)
  3. organ ( groups of follicles that are encapsulated)
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29
Q

primary lymphoid tissue vs secondary lymphoid tissue

A

primary- thalamus and bone marrow

secondary- everything else (lymph nodes, spleen MALT tissue and SALT)

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30
Q

the thymus is involved in

A

t cell differenation and maturation

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31
Q

types of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

NALT (nasopharynx)
BALT (bronchial)
GALT (gut)

32
Q

lymph

A

fluid collected from interstitial fluid that empties into lymphatic vessels (10%of fluid that wasn’t reabsorbed in the veins)

33
Q

lymph arrives to the organ via the _____ and exits the organ via the ______

A

afferent lymphatic vessel; efferent lymphatic vessel

34
Q

can find lymphoid follicles (B Cell)

A

in smaller vessels of arterioles

35
Q

what happens during an infection

A

antigens are presented to all t cells in an organ. if this t cell is for the specific antigen it becomes activated. if not then it continues to travel to other lymph organs to find the correct t cell for the antigen

36
Q

innate immunity can be triggered by

A

infectious or non infectious materials

37
Q

types of innate mechanisms

A

inducible vs non0inducilbe

38
Q

examples of non-inducible

A

physical: skin, mucus, commensal bacteria or
Chemical: lysozyme (tears_ and antimicrobial peptides (alpha and beta defense’s and cathelicidin)

39
Q

what do antimicrobial peptides do

A

create holes in bacterial membranes and help maintain mucus levels

40
Q

examples of inducible

A

(must be turned on)
innate immune cells: neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, NKC
neutralizing antibodies: secretory IgA

41
Q

most importnatn non inducible barrier

A

skin and GI covering

42
Q

how do we activate innate immune cells

A

they can recognize non self cells and danger signals through the recognition of certain PATTERNS and they look for damage to the body

43
Q

PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) for bacterial cells

A

lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans, CpG DNA, and flaggelin

44
Q

PAMPs for virus

A

double stranded RNA and single stranded RNA

45
Q

PAMPs for fungi

A

chitin and zymosan

46
Q

DAMPs

A

damage- associated molecular patterns

47
Q

examples of DAMPs

A
  1. complement products (C3b, C4b)
  2. reactive oxygen intermediates (h2O2, OH< O2-)
  3. stress induced molecules (heat shock proteins, hyaluronic acid fragments, chaperone proteins)
  4. metabolic products- ATP, potassium, uric acid, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids)
  5. nucleic acids (mRNA histones)
  6. exogenous substances (alum, silica, asbestos)
48
Q

why are metabolic products and nucleic acids considered DAMPs

A

because they shouldn’t be found on the outside of the cells so this tigers immune response

49
Q

Pattern recognition receptors can be ____ or ____

A

cel- associated or unassociated with cell

50
Q

toll like receptors

A

TLR are membrane bound pattern receptors . highly expressed in dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils

51
Q

TLR2

A

bacterial peptidoglycans

52
Q

TLR4

A

LPS (lipopolysacchrides)

53
Q

TLR5

A

bacterial flagellin

54
Q

TLR7 and 8

A

ssRNA

55
Q

activation of TLR leads to

A
  1. DC maturation
  2. Stimulation of antigen presentation
  3. phagocytosis
  4. Cellular activation
  5. Production of pro inflammatory cytokines/chemokines
56
Q

NOD-like receptors NLRs

A

regonzie both PAMP and DAMP

free cytoplasmic receptors . this activation can also lead to apoptosis

57
Q

inflammasomes

A

large complexes of NLRs. leads to caspase 1 activation

58
Q

toll-like receptors and ______ often work together

A

NOD-like receptors

59
Q

RIG receptors

A

retinoid acid inducible gene-1 receptors.

  • cytoplasmic receptors
  • recognize VIRAL RN
60
Q

activation of RIG receptors leads to

A

production of antiviral proteins (interferon alpha and beta)

61
Q

CLRs

A

c-type lectin receptors

62
Q

lectin

A

proteins that bind to carbohydrates . pathogens often use them to bind to a target cell

63
Q

CLRs recognize carbohydrate based ____?

A

DAMPs and PAMPs

64
Q

what are group I and II of CLRs

A

group I- mannose- HIV, m. tuberculosis dengue fever

group II- asialoglycoprotein- bacteria, yeast, ticks, viruses

65
Q

scavenger receptors

A

bind to lipids, can be from host or foreign

66
Q

Collectins

A

collagen domain fused to a lectin domain. upon biding their ligand they can activate complement, do phagocytosis, agglutination

67
Q

where are collectins found

A

in the blood

68
Q

complement activation (C3)

A

serum based mechanism to destroy pathogens no cells involved just 30 proteins

69
Q

what happens during complement activation

A

pathogen destruction, pathogen opsonization(aids phagocytosis), clearance of immune complexes (Ab-Ag), creation of peptides to help inflammation

70
Q

3 ways to activate complement

A

classical pathway (antibodies), lectin pathway(mannose binding lectin), or alternative pathway(microbe) . all lead to LYSIS OF MICROBE

71
Q

other roles for C3b

A

solubilization of immune complies and virus neutralization

72
Q

macropinocytosis

A

engulfment of unwanted fluid and macromolecules; creates macropinosome

73
Q

clathrin-mediated endocytosis

A

receptor mediated macropinocytosis; created clathrin-coated vesicles

74
Q

ways of killing microbes during phagocytosis

A

ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes

75
Q

inflammation

A

necessary process to eliminate foreign substances and repair damaged tissue

Microbiology (7 decks)

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