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Microbiology > adaptive immunity: immunoglobulin proteins > Flashcards

adaptive immunity: immunoglobulin proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

immunoglobulin proteins

A

antibodies: large glycoproteins that recgonize a specific Ag

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2
Q

B cell receptor (BCR)

A

membrane bound

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3
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

non-membrane bound

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4
Q

A B cell can only produce ____kind of ___ chain and ____ chain

A

one; heavy; light

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5
Q

heavy chain

A

larger chains that attached to each other and light chains via disulfide bonds

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6
Q

light chains

A

smaller part of the antibody

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7
Q

Fab region of antibody

A

fragment where antigen binds to; many variations

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8
Q

Fc region of antibody

A

constant region; has a few isotypes that can affect site or charge; can bind to Fc receptors on innate immune cells

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9
Q

both light and dark chains have a _____ region

A

Fab and Fc

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10
Q

Papain

A

enzyme (one of many) that digests and antibody by cleaving the disulfide bonds

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11
Q

why are immunoglobulins flexible

A

so they can get into contact with antigens

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12
Q

hypervariable regions

A

amino acid sequences that demonstrate extreme variability between different Ig molecules; gives rise to the enormous antigenic diversity associated with Ig molecules. takes place on light and heavy chains

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13
Q

length of hyper variable regions

A

5-7 amino acids long

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14
Q

which hypervariable region has the most amino acid variability

A

CDR3

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15
Q

Light chain isotypes

A

kappa or lamda; helps contribute to diversity but not function

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16
Q

heavy chain isotypes

A

IgM, IgD, IgG (subclasses), IgE, igA (subclasses)

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17
Q

when a naive B cell first encounters Ag it will produce what?

A

IgM

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18
Q

genetic rearrangement of ______ can lead to class switching

A

constant hey region (or isotype switching design on the type of pathogen)

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19
Q

membrane-bound Ig

A

have cytoplasmic domains and transmembrane domains to help them attach to cell. Found on B cell plasma membrane and also called BCR (b cell receptor)

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20
Q

Secreted Ig

A

contains a tailpiece at the end because it doesn’t have to attach to a cell. Found in the blood

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21
Q

Secretory Ig

A

contains a secretory component that protects it since its found in secretions (tears, mucus) and a J chain that binds them together with other antibody chains. these help neutralize antigens

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22
Q

what are the polymeric immunoglobulins (secreted forms)

A 
IgM pentamer (5 immunoglobulins bound together) 10 binding sites
IgA dimer (2 immunoglobulins bound together) 4 binding sites
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23
Q

what do B cell receptor complexes do

A

they help induces signaling cascade when a antigen binds to an antibody near by. since the antibodies aren’t big enough to initiate a signaling cascade the Ig alpha and beta complexes uses ITAM to initiate it

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24
Q

ITAM

A

attached to Ig alpha and beta complexes that induce signaling cascade

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25
Q

immunoglobulin genes

A

the variable regions are made up of many small DNA garments called gene segments

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26
Q

the segments of immunoglobulin gnes

A
  1. variable-v
  2. diversity-d
  3. joining- j
    (light chain doesn’t have d)
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27
Q

V(D)J recombination

A

somatic recombination that is a radom rearrangement of V D and J segments of the variable region

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28
Q

where does VDJ recombination occur

A

occurs in every naive B cell and is permanet

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29
Q

this process allows the large antigenic diversity of Ig

A

VDJ recombination (doesn’t involved the Ig isotype)

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30
Q

epitope

A

antigenic determinant. area that antibody likes to bind to

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31
Q

induced fit

A

last minute conformational changes in order for antibody to form a better bond. (more spacial)

32
Q

which region of recombination removes introns which contributes to antibody diversity

A

the variable region

33
Q

which Ab would have the greatest avidity

A

IgM (most binding sites)

34
Q

where does B cell development occur

A

begin in bone marrow and ends in a secondary lymph organ

35
Q

2 stages of B cell development

A

maturation, differentiation

36
Q

b cells in the maturation stage are still ___?

A

naive

37
Q

differentiation

A

begins once b cells recognize its specific Ag,ends with the generation of Ag-specific plasma cells and memory B cells

38
Q

what are the 7 developmental stages of B cell maturation

A
  1. hematopoietic stem cell
  2. multipotent progenitor cell
  3. common lymphoid progenitor cell
  4. progenitorr b ciel (pro-b cell)
  5. precursor B cell (pre b cell)
  6. immature naive b cell
  7. mature naive b cell
39
Q

bone marrow _____ cells are very important for b cell maturation

A

stromal

40
Q

what keeps developing stem cells in the bone marrow

A

adhesion molecules

41
Q

kit

A

found on early pro-b cells that attaches it to the SCF of bone marrow stromal cells to keep it in the bone marrow

42
Q

IL-7

A

cytokine that is involved in lymphoid lineage helps development of b and t cells in bone marrow

43
Q

progenitor b cells

A

most immature form of b cells. first recognizable b cell. immunoglobulin genes are still in their gremlin configuration

44
Q

precursor b cells

A

VDJ recombination has occurred and is complete for both chains (unlike pro b cells) . Late pre-b cells will produce membrane bound IgM plus Ig alpha and beta

45
Q

how can you distinguish between pro and pre b cells

A

pre b cells begin to express a membrane immunoglobulin

46
Q

immature b cell

A

development of central tolerance. immature b cell get one last change to rearrange the Ig loci. 2-5%of immature b cells survive

47
Q

central tolerance

A

b cells can ignore antigens

48
Q

receptor editing

A

where immature b cells get one last change to rearrange the Ig loci

49
Q

in NEGATIVE SELECTION the immature b cell will go through

A

apoptosis (after it has reacted too strongly with antigens of the body 2x)

50
Q

when don’t immature b cells survive

A

when they are too self reactive

51
Q

transitional b cells are filtered by the?

A

spleen

52
Q

how to distinguish between a transitional b cell and an immature b cell

A
  1. location (bone marrow vs blood, pulp, pals, and spleen)

2. transitional b cells make more Igm on its surface

53
Q

transitional type II b cells

A

BOTH IgM and IgD are expressed on cell surface

54
Q

mature b cell

A

express both IgM and IgD. cannot undergo further VDJ rearrangement. are still considered naive

55
Q

what are the b cell antigens

A

t- dependent (Td) (follicular b cells)

t-indepdent (Ti1 and Ti2) (marginal zone b cells)

56
Q

dendritic cells regonize antigen and _____

A

internalizes it

57
Q

which cells cut and present antigen specific helper t cells

A

dendritic cells

58
Q

t dependent antigen process

A
  1. b cell recognizes the antigen with its receptor
  2. internalizes antigen and presents it to a helper t cell
  3. isotype switched, now has high affinity for this antibody and is a memory b cell thats long lived in plasma cells
59
Q

t independent antigen process

A 
polysaccharide antigen is presented to b cell
other signals (complement protein

mainly IgM; low affinity antibodies and short lived plasma cells

isn’t ideal if you come in contact with same illness later on, antibodies won’t be present anymore

60
Q

T- inepdnet antigen (TI-2)

A

only binds to the b cell antigen receptor and creates BCR cross-linking

61
Q

T-indepdent antigen (TI-1)

A

binds to b cell antigen receptors but also to other receptors on the cell

62
Q

3 steps of b cell activation

A
  1. antigen binding
  2. costimulaition
  3. cytokines help
    (these steps occur in secondary lymphoid tissues; doesn’t happen at active site)
63
Q

step one of b cell activation

A

finding of multiple ag to BCR. signal transmitted via Ig alpha and beta. internalizes Ag.

64
Q

step 2 of b cella activation

A

integration with activated, ag specific t helper cell

t cell receptor is peptide-MHC II

65
Q

primary follicle

A

begins b cell activation. in cortex area

66
Q

secondary follicle

A

b cell colonial expansion. becomes germinal center. has light area and dark area. dark area is where all mitosis occurs

67
Q

germinal centers

A

sites within secondary lymph organs where mature b cells proliferate and differentiate. 9-12 days after exposure colonial expansion

68
Q

hyper somatic mutation

A

b cell mutation happening in germinal centers where DNA mutates to increase affinity

69
Q

what cells facilitate negative selection on b cells

A

follicular dendritic cells

70
Q

isotype switching

A

happens in germinal centers for b cells. changing heavy chain

71
Q

3 things that happen in germinal centers

A

somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, isotope switching

72
Q

two types of cells b cells can differentiate into

A
  1. plasma cells

2. memory cells

73
Q

short lived plasma cells

A

(6-10 days)
secrete low affinity IgM
made in response to Ti or Td antigens

74
Q

long lived plasma cells

A

low affinity IgM

75
Q

what do antibodies do

A
  1. neutralization (block antibody attachment to cell)
  2. classical complement activation (IgM, IgG)
  3. ozonization
  4. antibody decent cell mediated cytotoxicity

Microbiology (7 decks)

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