Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Microbiology Lect1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Lect1 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered penicillin

A

alexander helming in 1929

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ruminants

A

bacteria in rumen; breakdown cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

most diverse of all living microorganisms

A

parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

exist as yeast or molds. most are free living

A

fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

smallest independently living cells with no organelles

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do bacteria replicate

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasite. protein coat surrounding nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tissue tropism

A

viruses only infect certain cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

symbiotic

A

benefit host (gut bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

commensals

A

neutral relationship to the host (oral streptococci). important in the mouth and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

parasitic relationship

A

harm to host (tape worm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

residents

A

established niche at a particular body site. important in the mouth and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

transients

A

acquired from the environment and establish themselves briefly (inhabited by resident bacteria or immune system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carrier state

A

potentially pathogenic organisms becomes a resident (streptococcus mutans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do we acquire our immune system

A

as babies we are sterile. first microbes are from mothers vagina. bacteria colonize at the locations they are best suited for physiologically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what factors do bacteria consider when determining location to colonize

A

available nutrients, PH, oxidation-reduction potential, resistance to local antibacterial substances, adhesion mediated affinity to receptor on host cells, microbial interactions (what is already there, competition and inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most common potential pathogen on skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

most common potential pathogens on mouth

A

candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bacteria flora is highest on ___ skin areas

A

moist (armpits, perineum, between toes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bacteria type in mouth and pharynx

A

many bacteria types. differ at different sites. Lots of streptococci. also neisseria and morazella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bacteria type in oropharynx

A

neisseria and streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bacteria type stomach and small bowel

A

few organisms due to low ph. helicobacter pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bacteria type in colon

A

most abundant and diverse. 90% bacteria are anaerobes. bacteroids, fusobacterium, eubacterium, and clostridium. remainder are facultative organisms like e coli , yeast etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the larynx and lower respirator tract protect health via

A

epithelial cilia and movement of mucocilary blanket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
which parts of the body are normally sterile
accessory sinuses and urinary tract
26
what affects the vaginal tract flora
hormonal fluctuations and different ages. pre-puberty and menopause are similar. they are scant and non specific mostly from skin flora and colon.
27
vaginal tract flora during childbearing years
mostly lactobacillus and some anaerobic gran negative rods and gram positive yeast. slightly lower ph
28
what hormone affects the vaginal epithelium and what does it cause?
estrogen; causes glycogen to be deposited which the lactobacilli feed on
29
opportunistic infections
occur when microbes invade normally sterile locations (urinary tract, abdominal cavity). or reduce immunological response result in invasion by flora
30
exclusionary effect
competition between normal flora and potential invaders; like when antibiotics wipe out normal flora and give pathogens an advantage
31
priming the immune system
presence of microbiota is important for the development of our immune system (hygiene hypothesis)
32
what separates a pathogen from a commensal?
organism must cause damage to host
33
diphtheria makes a toxin that inhibits what?
protein synthesis
34
ways pathogens can damage the host
the host immune reponspe to the organic can cause damage, bacteria can produce toxins that act on host cells, bacteria can secrete enzymes that degrade host tissue and facilitate spread
35
ways that pathogens can evade the immune response
1. attack immune effector cells 2. secrete enzymes that degrade host effector molecules(antibodies) 3. change surface structure to evade the immune response, so antibodies don't work 4. hide inside host cells (macrophage)
36
three ways to collect a specimen
1. direct specimen (highest quality) 2. indirect specimen 3. sample from site with normal flora
37
direct specimen
localized in an otherwise sterile location (deep abscess or cerebrospinal fluid)
38
indirect sample
must pass through a site containing normal flora do be collected (expectorated sputum and voided urine)
39
sample from site with normal flora`
pathogen and nonpathogenic flora are mixed (throat and sty-ool)
40
issues with sample collection
1. time- time between sample collection and isolation is critical (3-4 hours) 2. viability- some organisms don't survive long outside body 3. bacteria growth - particularly problematic if pathogen if pathogens found in low numbers 4. transporting media- must prevent sample from drying out and minimal nutrients
41
direct examination
light microscopy, detects bacteria fungi and parasites
42
two types of bacterial stains
1.primary (crystal violet, carbon-fuchsin red) 2. counter stains (safranin(gram stain), methyelene blue) (methylene blue stains everything)
43
gram staining colors
positive= purple | negative=pink
44
acid fast stain colors
acid-fast bacteria= red | non acid fast bacteria/cell=blue
45
immunofluorescence
stain used for viral infections; will make the antibody fluorescent
46
selective media
used to select and isolate a specific group of bacteria. - can contain chemical substances that inhibit growth of one type of bacteria and permit growth of another. example: potassium tellurite inhibits growth of gram-negative bacteria
47
differential media
distinguishes between closely related species of bacteria based on characteristics on media (color change or colony morphology; like blood agar)
48
temperature for atmospheric conditions for culturing
35-37 degrees c
49
do microaerophilic require more oxygen or co2
co2
50
ways to identify cultures of isolated colonies
1. culture characteristics 2. biochemical tests 3. toxin production and pathogenicity 4. antigenic structure 5. genomic structure
51
culture chacateristics
nutritional requirements, pigment production etc
52
biochemical tests
ability to attack various substrates or produce metabolic by products
53
antigenic structure (serology)
ability to interact with antibodies
54
genomic structure
dna sequence relatedness as determined by holy or direct sequence comparison
55
how do you diagnose viral infections
Evidence of cytopathic effects (CPE). - look for morphological changes to cells - immunological tests- antibodies against the virus can be detected in blood
56
precipitation reactions
type of immunological test when antibody and antigen interact they form a precipitate
57
hemagglutination
type of immunological tests some viruses bind to red blood cells causing cross linking
58
mononucleosis test
uses horse or sheep red blood cells, which cross react to antibodies against EBV (virus that causes mono) resulting in agglutination of red blood cells (Cross linking)
59
DNA hybridization
target DNA is bound to a membrane and complementary DNA probe attached to a color producing enzyme is reacted with membrane. signal produced only if DNA finds its target (positive test)
60
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
DNA specific "primers" are used to amplify a target DNA molecule. a product signified target is present in sample (positive result)

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions