Overview of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Flashcards
Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships
Anatomy
morphology is derived from
Gr. Morphos = shape or form
Gr. ana means
“up”
tome means
“cutting”
16th century, Father of Anatomy
a Belgian Physician
Andreas Versalius (1514-1564)
author of:
The workings of the Human Body
7-volume collection of anatomic drawings
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543)
4 anatomy: levels of study
gross or macroscopic anatomy
surface anatomy
microscopic anatomy
developmental anatomy
Larger structures
can be seen with the naked eye
gross or macroscopic anatomy
gross or macroscopic anatomy approach of study:
regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
surface anatomy
locate the bump - 2nd pair of ribs are attached: top of the heart is located
sternal angle or angle of louis
locate the prominent bump, next 2 spine - location of the top of the heart at the back side
spinous process of 7th cervical vertebra (C-7)
- structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye
- structures can only be viewed with a microscope
microscopic anatomy
subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
cytology and histology
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
developmental anatomy
concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
embryology
special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
language of anatomy
language of anatomy’s exact terms are used for:
position, direction, regions, structures
- person stands with erect feet together and eyes forward
- palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body
- right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed: never to the viewer
anatomical position
ventral and anterior are the same and so are dorsal and posterior
humans
ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal is on the superior side
four-legged animals
anterior and posterior body landmarks
axial region & appendicular region (thorax, abdomen, back)
regional terms
directional terms:
superior (cranial or cephalad), inferior (caudal), ventral (anterior), dorsal (posterior), medial, lateral, intermediate, proximal, distal, superficial, deep
toward the head end or upper part of a structure/body; above
superior (cranial or cephalad)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure/body; below
inferior (caudal)
toward or at the front of the body; in front
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
medial
away from the midline of the body; outer side of the body
lateral
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
proximal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body trunk
distal
toward or at the body surface
superficial
away from the body surface; more internal
deep
imaginary line drawn through the body which separates it into sections
body plane: sagittal plane, coronal plane, transverse plane
divides the body into left and right sides
sagittal plane (median;midsagittal)
divides the body into front and back section
coronal plane
divides the body into sections above and below the midline
transverse plane
- cranial cavity houses the brain
- spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
dorsal body cavity
- thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others
- abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
ventral body cavity
within the rigid skull, contains the brain
cranial cavity
which runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
divisions of the spinal cord
cervical vertebrae: C (cervical nerves)
thoracic vertebrae: T (thoracic nerves)
lumbar vertebrae: L (lumbar nerves)
sacrum: S (sacral nerves)
- pleural cavity
- mediastinum
- pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver
pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominopelvic quadrants
RIGHT UPPER Q
RIGHT LOWER Q
LEFT UPPER Q
LEFT LOWER Q
called serous membranes or serosa
ventral body cavities membranes
lines internal body walls
parietal serosa
covers the internal organs
visceral serosa
separates the serosae
serous fluid
right hypochondriac region organs
liver
gallbladder
organs in the left hypochondriac region
diaphragm
spleen
epigastric region organs
stomach
right lumbar region organs
ascending colon of large intestine
left lumbar region organs
descending colon of large intestine
umbilical region organs
transverse colon of large intestine
small intestine
right iliac (inguinal) region organs
cecum
appendix
left iliac (inguinal) region organs
initial part of sigmoid colon
hypogastric (pubic) region organs
urinary bladder