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CCP 6 > Lesson 1C > Flashcards

Lesson 1C Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry of life elements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sodium

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2
Q

Main chemical elements in the body

A

major elements (96%), lesser elements (3.6%), trace elements (0.4%)

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3
Q

Major elements

A

oxygen - 65.0
carbon - 18.5
Hydrogen - 9.5
Nitrogen - 3.2

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4
Q

Lesser elements

A

calcium - 1.5
phosphorous - 1.0
potassium - 0.35
sulfur - 0.25
sodium - 0.2
chlorine - 0.2
magnesium - 0.1
iron - 0.005

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5
Q

trace elements

A

aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc

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6
Q

force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

A

ionic bonds

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7
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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8
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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9
Q

ionic bonds are found mainly ____ and ____, where they give great strength

A

teeth and bones

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10
Q

an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in a solution

A

electrolyte

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11
Q

forms when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

A

covalent bonds

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12
Q

the larger the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the _____ the covalent bond

A

stronger

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13
Q

forms when a hydrogen atoms with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms, most often larger ______ or _______ atoms.

A

hydrogen bonds

oxygen or nitrogen

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14
Q

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

A

chemical reactions

reactants (starting substances)
products (ending substances)

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15
Q

the number of atoms of each element is the ____ before and after a chemical reaction

A

same

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16
Q

2 principal forms of energy

A

potential and kinetic energy

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17
Q

capacity to do work

A

energy
en = in
ergy = work

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18
Q

energy cannot be created or destroyed…just transferred or converted

A

law of conservation of energy

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19
Q

chemical energy

A

carbohydrates
fats

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20
Q

chemical waste

A

carbon dioxide
water

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21
Q

body’s energy currency

A

ATP

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22
Q

collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

A

activation energy

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23
Q

activation energy is influence by

A

concentration and temperature

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24
Q

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy: enzymes

A

catalyst

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25
Q

types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis reaction - anabolism
decomposition reaction - catabolism
exchange reactions
reversible reactions
oxidation-reduction reactions

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26
Q

when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

A

synthesis reactions - anabolism
(dehydration reaction)

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27
Q

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules

A

decomposition reactions - catabolism

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28
Q

consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions: switched partners

A

exchange reactions

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29
Q

products can revert to the original reactants

A

reversible reactions

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30
Q

always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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31
Q

2 metabolism

A

anabolism (combine) and catabolism (decompose)

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32
Q

absorb more energy than release

A

endorgonic

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33
Q

release more energy than absorb

A

exergonic

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34
Q

large organic (carbon-containing) molecules

A

major macromolecules

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35
Q

a very abundant element

A

carbon

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36
Q

major macromolecules

A

carbon
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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37
Q

many macromolecules start as small _____ that grow into large ______

A

small monomers
large polymers

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38
Q

carbohydrates elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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39
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
disaccharides (sucrose)
polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)

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40
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. energy supply and storage
  2. structural support
  3. provides dietary fiber
  4. deoxyribose and ribose in DNA AND RNA
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41
Q

fatty compounds made of C, H, O; don’t interact with water (hydrophobic)

cell membranes are composed of two lipid layers, which keep water from crossing

A

lipids

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42
Q

polymers made up of fatty acid monomers

fatty acids have oily “tails” and polar “heads”

A

lipids

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43
Q

lipids in water will arrange themselves to hide their

A

hydrophobic tails

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44
Q

cell membranes are composed of a

A

phospholipid bi-layer

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45
Q

other lipids

A

waxes
oils
steroids

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46
Q

lipid functions

A
  1. long term energy supply and storage
  2. main structural component of cell membranes (as phospholipids and cholesterol)
  3. hormones such as testosterone and estradiol
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47
Q

the genetic material in any cell

A

nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acids)

48
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA
Polymer chains composed of a combination of 5 different monomers

49
Q

(lipids) monomers are called _______

A

nucleotides

50
Q

monomers/nucleotides

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine (DNA only)
uracil (RNA only)

51
Q

millions of monomers long, wound in a double helix

A

nucleic acid polymers

52
Q

structural building blocks of cells in all tissues (not just muscle)

polymers composed of 300-100k monomers

A

proteins

53
Q

(proteins) monomers are called ______

A

amino acid

54
Q

how many amino acids must come from our diet?

A

20 amino acids

55
Q

the order of amino acids making up the polymer string

A

primary structure

56
Q

helixes and sheets of the polymer string folding on itself

A

secondary structure

57
Q

globs of sheet and helixes folding around each other

A

tertiary structure

58
Q

individual proteins bound to each other to form a multi-protein unit with its own function

A

quaternary structure

59
Q

carries oxygen in the blood

A

hemoglobin

60
Q

contain several hundred molecules which transport oxygen

A

red blood cells

61
Q

oxygen binds to ____ on the hemoglobin molecule

A

heme

62
Q

______ in skeletal muscle cells

A

actin fibers

63
Q

make up the cell cytoskeleton

A

proteins

64
Q

______ to copy and repair DNA

A

enzymes

65
Q

who discovered cells?

A

anton van leewenhoek

66
Q

german botanist who stated that “all plants are composed of cells”

A

Matthias Schleiden
1838

67
Q

discovered that animals are made up of cells

A

Theodor Schwann
1838

68
Q

discovered that humans are made up of cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

69
Q

The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up the modern

A

CELL THEORY.

70
Q

basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

A

cell

71
Q

According to the __________, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures.

A

principle of complementarity

72
Q

According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the??

A

relative number of their specific subcellular structures

73
Q

Continuity of life has a

A

cellular basis

74
Q

The Cell Theory states that:

A
  1. All living things are composed of a cell or cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
75
Q

Limits in Cellular and Multicellularity

A

cell size

76
Q

a cell has three main regions or parts:

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma (Cell) membrane

77
Q

one of the membranes of the cytoplasm which keeps it all together, also helps to control what can get in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

78
Q

contains the chromosomes where inherited information is stored

A

nucleus

79
Q

lots of membranes made from proteins and fats; tiny fluid filled spaces form in the folds of the membranes

A

cytoplasm

80
Q

Most cells are composed of four elements:

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

81
Q

Cells are about _____% water

A

60-80%

82
Q

function of the cell

A

ability to metabolize
digest foods
dispose wastes
reproduce
grow
move
respond to stimulus

83
Q

control center of the cell; contains genetic material

A

nucleus

84
Q

3 regions of nucleus

A

nuclear membrane
nucleolus
chromatin

85
Q

barrier of nucleus; consists of a double phospholipid (bi-layer) of membrane; contain nuclear pores allowing material exchange with the rest of the cell

A

nuclear membrane

86
Q

nucleus contain one or more ______; a non-membrane bound organelle taking part in synthesis of ribosomes, including processing of rRNA and the assembly of them into ribosome units

A

nucleoli

87
Q

the nucleus is also involved in several other cellular processes such as mitosis, stress response, and cell cycle regulation

A

nucleoli

88
Q

composed of DNA & proteins; scattered throughout the nucleus; condenses to form chromosomes when the cell division starts

A

chromatin

89
Q

barrier for cell contents; double phospholipid layer (hydrophilic heads + hydrophobic tails)

A

plasma membrane

90
Q

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment (everything inside the cell) from the external environment (everything outside the cell).

It is a selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell.

A

plasma membrane

91
Q

other materials in plasma membrane

A

protein
cholesterol
glycoproteins

92
Q

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

A

microvilli

93
Q

tight junctions
- Impermeable junctions
- Bind cells together into leakproof sheets

desmosomes & hemidesmosomes
- Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

gap junctions
- Allow communication between cells

A

membrane junctions

94
Q

Impermeable junctions

Bind cells together into leakproof sheets

A

tight junctions

95
Q

Allow communication between cells

A

gap junctions

95
Q

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

A

desmosomes

96
Q

material outside nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

97
Q

fluid that contains other elements

Viscous semi-transparent fluid that suspends other elements

A

cytosol

98
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell

“Little organs” that perform functions for the cell

A

organelles

99
Q

non-functioning units (lipids…)

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

A

inclusions

100
Q

cytoplasmic organelles

A

ribosomes
rough and smooth ER
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton
centrioles

101
Q
  • made of protein and RNA
  • sites of protein synthesis
  • found at two locations
  • free in the cytoplasm
  • attached to rough endoplasmic reti
A

ribosomes

102
Q

fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

Structure: a system of fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm

Function: serves as a mini circulatory system or intercellular highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another)

A

endoplasmic reticulum

103
Q

several types of packages of proteins

A
  • secretory vesicles
  • cell membrane components
  • lysosomes
104
Q

modifies and packages proteins; produces several types of packages

Structure: stacked flat sacs

Function: receives proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell (receiving, processing, packaging, and shipping)

A

golgi apparatus

105
Q

powerhouse of the cell
provide atp for cellular energy
change shape constantly
carry out reactions using oxygen to break down food

Structure: folded membrane within an outer membrane
The folds of the inner membrane are called cristae

Function: converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work
cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

106
Q

contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell

Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes

Packaged by the Golgi apparatus

Digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell

A

lysosomes

107
Q

membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

detoxify harmful susbtances such as alcohol and formaldehyde

break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

replicate by pinching in halves

A

proxisome

108
Q

network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

provides the cell with an internal framework

A

cytoskeleton

109
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments (thinnest)
intermediate filaments
microtubules (largest diameter)

110
Q

skeleton of our cells; maintains cell shape

A

cytoskeleton

111
Q

rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

probably involved in other cell functions that are still not very well known

A

centrioles

112
Q

not found in all cells

A

cilia
flagella
microvilli

113
Q

move materials across the cell surface

located in the respiratory system to move mucus

A

cilia

114
Q

propel the cell

ex. sperm

A

flagella

115
Q

tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane; increase surface area for absorption

A

microvilli

CCP 6 (8 decks)

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