Overview of CVD Flashcards
What is CVD
Cardiovascular Disease
- Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
What is CAD
Coronary Heart Disease
- Disease of blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
What is TIA
Cerebrovascular Disease
- Disease of blood vessels supplying the brain
What is Stroke
Cerebrovascular Disease
- Disease of blood vessels supplying the brain
What is PAD
Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
What is VTE
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Blood clots in the leg vein that can dislodge and move to hearts/lungs
How to prevent CVD
Addressing behavioural risk factors:
- Smoking
- Diet
- Physically Inactivity
- Alcohol
Treatable Risk Factors of CVD
Dyslipidemia
High Blood Pressure
Diabetes
What is the most likely cause of death in the world
CVD
Non-Modifiable CVD Risk Factors
Age
- Male > 45 years
- Female > 55 years
Biological Sex
- Males are more at risk (Females have more protective time due to hormones like estrogen)
Family History of Premature CVD in 1st degree relative
- Male < 55 years
- Female < 65 years
Modifiable CVD Risk Factors
Lifestyle
- Smoking
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Obesity (BMI > 25)
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes
Risk Stratification tools should be used for primary and secondary prevention
- True or False
False
Risk Factors and CHD relation
More risk factors causes an exponential increase in Coronary Heart Disease Events
Other CVD Risk Factors
- Why are they other?
C-reactive protein
Homocysteine
Fibrinogen
Lipoprotein (a)
Ethnicity
Psychosocial
Have shown to increase risk of CV disease, however, modifying these have not been proven to improve outcomes
How to perform a risk assessment
- Identify risk factors
- Use a clinical tool to transform risk factors to risk score (%)
- Discuss CV risk with patient and modifiable risk factors that they can work on
Clinical tools to assess CV risk factors
- Framingham Risk Score (FRS)
- Cardiovascular Life Expectancy Score
- ASCVD
- UKPDS (Diabetes)
Drawbacks of Framingham Risk Score
Samples were taken from a predominantly caucasian area
- Have to thus, extrapolate for other ethnicities
Primary Prevention
Intervening before health effects occur
- Vaccination, altering habits, start medications that reduces risks
Goal is to prevent or delay disease
Secondary Prevention
Preventing a second event from occuring after a first event has occured
- Post myocardial infarction or stroke
Once a person has had an event they are automatically at high risk of having another
