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BIOL 1610 > Overview of cells > Flashcards

Overview of cells Flashcards

1
Q

Contain no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Contains a nucleus with DNA and membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Are Eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

Where is the genetic location in Prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid region

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5
Q

What are the 3 differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells contain a central vacuole, a cell wall, and chloroplast.

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6
Q

What contains most of the cell’s genes?

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

What encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Encloses the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

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9
Q

How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have?

A

Double membrane

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10
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Proteins surrounding the nuclear side of the envelope maintaining the shape of the nucleus.

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11
Q

How is DNA organized?

A

Into chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

One DNA molecule associated with proteins.

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site within the nucleus that is the site of rRNA synthesis.

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14
Q

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

Ribosomes

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15
Q

Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

A

In the cytosol and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

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16
Q

Where rRNA is made in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

What does the smooth ER do (four functions)?

A

Synthesizes lipids, metabolized carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions.

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18
Q

What does the rough ER do (three functions)?

A

Secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell

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19
Q

Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do (three functions)?

A

Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

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21
Q

Cis face Golgi apparatus

A

Receives proteins

22
Q

Trans face Golgi apparatus

A

Ships out proteins

23
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When some types of cells engulf another cell

25
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus.

26
Q

What are the three types of vacuoles?

A

Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and central vacuoles.

27
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplast were its own cells until engulfed in non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cells

28
Q

Contains a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

Two compartments of the mitochondria

A

Inter-membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

Two parts of chloroplast

A

Thylakoid and stroma

31
Q

In chloroplast, membranous sacs, that stack to form a granum

A

Thylakoid

32
Q

In chloroplast, the internal fluid is called:

A

Stroma

33
Q

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

A

Peroxisomes

34
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Break down lipids and create hydrogen peroxide which gets turned into water.

35
Q

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

36
Q

3 molecular structures of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

37
Q

Role of cytoskeleton

A

Interacts with motor proteins to create motility

38
Q

Functions of microtubules (3)

A

Shaping the cell, guiding movement of organelles, and separating chromosomes during cell division

39
Q

Where microtubules grow out of

A

Centrosome

40
Q

Function of microfilaments

A

Solid rods built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits, forming a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape. Can contain myosin if working with motility.

41
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

permanent cytoskeleton fixtures that support cell shape and fix organelles in place

42
Q

What is the cell wall made up of

A

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein.

43
Q

Primary cell wall

A

relatively thin and flexible

44
Q

Middle lamella

A

thin layer of cell wall between primary walls of adjacent cells

45
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

Added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

46
Q

Composition of Extracellular matrix

A

glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

47
Q

Function of extracellular matrix

A

Can regulate a cell’s behavior by communicating with a cell through integrins, influence the activity of gene in the nucleus, and mechanical signaling may occur through cytoskeletal changes that trigger chemical signals in the cell

48
Q

What are plasmodesmata

A

Channels that perforate plant cell walls to allow for sharing of nutrients

49
Q

Three cell junctions in epithelial tissues

A

Tight junction, desmosomes, and gap junctions

50
Q

Tight junctions

A

Where membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

51
Q

Desmosomes

A

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets

52
Q

Gap junctions

A

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

BIOL 1610 (4 decks)

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