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IMIN 371 > Overview Info > Flashcards

Overview Info Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System

A

complictaed and dynamic network of cells, molecules, and pathways that highly evolved and adaptable to deal with a diverse range of pathogens/ microbes

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2
Q

First line of Defense

A

SKIN!! creates a barrier to external enviroment and a breachof this activates the internal immune system
Other first lines of defense include mucus membranes, acidity of stomach acid, vagina and sweat and antimicrobial proteins secreted by epithelial cells

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3
Q

Immune privliaged sites

A

the central nervous system and brain, the eyes and the testes (and pregnant woman)

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4
Q

Inoculation

A

The act of impanting microbes or microbial substances into animals for the purpose of inducing immunity

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5
Q

Kochs Postulates

A
  1. The causative agent must be absent from all healthy organisms but present in all diseased organisms
  2. The causative agent must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  3. The cultured agent must cause the same disease when innoculated into a healthy suseptible organism
  4. The same causative agent must then be reisolated from the inoculated diseased organism
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6
Q

Vaccination

A

administeration of vaccine to help activate the immune system

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7
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation of immunogenic material used to induce immunity against pathogenic organisms

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8
Q

Attenuation

A

To decrease the virulence of a pathogen

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9
Q

Virulence

A

The degree to which a pathogenic organism can cause disease and damage

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10
Q

Herd Immunity

A

When most of the population is immune to an infectious agent this will reduce the pathogen resovoir (decreasing transmission)

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11
Q

Serum

A

Liquid, noncellular fraction of coagulated blood (liquid part of blood with all of the clotting factors/ RBCs removed)

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12
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • host defense mediated by antibodies in various body fluids including plasma, lymph, and tissue fluids that gives protection to extracellular microbes and foreign macromolecules
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13
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Protein consisting of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains that recodnize an epitope on an antigen and facilitate neutralization, destruction and clearance of that antigen

AKA… an antibody

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14
Q

Antiserum

A

Antibody containing blood plasma from immunized animals

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15
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Temporary adaptive immunity conffered by the transfer of immune products from an immune to a non-immune indivisual

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16
Q

Natural active immunity example…

A

Getting an infection and body eliciting an immune esponse

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17
Q

Artifical Active Immunity example…

A

Getting vaccinated

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18
Q

Natural Passive immunity example…

A

Mother passing antibodies to child via breastfeeding

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19
Q

Artifical passive immunity example…

A

Monocolonial antibody transmission via blood transfussion

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20
Q

Phagocytes

A

cells with the capacity to internalize and degrade microbes or particular antigens (neutophiles and macrophages are the main phagocytes)

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21
Q

Cell mediated Immunity

A

Host defenses mediated by antigen specific T cells that provides protection against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer

22
Q

Lymphocyte

A

White blood cell reponsible for both cellular and humoral immunity

23
Q

B cells

A
  • cells derived from the bursa of Fabricius in birds
  • devloped in the bone marrow
  • express membrane bound antibodies (B cell receptor [BCR])
  • activated B cells produce/ secrete antibodies
  • fight extracellular pathogens
24
Q

T cells

A
  • cells derived from the thymus
  • mature in the thymus
  • express a T cell Receptor (TCR) and CD8 or CD4
  • participate in cellular immunity
  • fight off intacellular pathogens
25
Q

CD4+

A

Regulates the immune response by being helper T cells. They produce cytokines to function as “hormones” of the immune system. They do not kill anything!

26
Q

CD8+

A

They use their TCR to recodnize and destroy infected cells (KILLER T CELLS)

27
Q

Selective Theory

A

A false theory that says our body has multiple receptors (pluipotent) on each of our cells that recodnize pathogens and the receptors can each bind to multiple foreign molecules

28
Q

Antigen

A

ANy substance that binds an antibody ot TCR that elicits a specific response by T or B cells

29
Q

Colonial Selection Theory

A

Correct theory that says that 1 B cell has 1 specific receptor and when an antigen is bound to the BCR that specific cell with that specific receptor colonial expands/ divides so there are many of that cell with that BCR

30
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing infectious agent

31
Q

Pathogenisis

A

The mechanism by which disease causing organisms attack a host

32
Q

What are the 4 groups of human pathogens?

A
  • viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Bacteria
33
Q

What needs to occur to elicit a proper immune response?

A

Different chemical structures and microenviromental cues need to be detected and evaluated to iniciate the most effective response strategy.
Responses are influenced by the structure and location of pathogens.

34
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

molecular patterns common to whole groups ofpathogens but not occuring in mammals; this is the first thing recodnized by the immune system

35
Q

WHat does the process of PAMP recodnition involve?

A

AN interaction between the foreign organism and a recodnition molecule expressed by the host

36
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern Recodnition Receptors

Receptors of the immune system that recodnize molecular patterns or motifs present on pathogens but absent in the host; elicit an inate immune response

these are encoded in genomic DNA and do not change

37
Q

what does equal # of scannersto barcodes mean?

A

There are an equal amount of PRRs to PAMPs

38
Q

Tolerance

A

a state of immunological unresponsivness to specific antigens or sets of antigens; an organism is unresponsive or tolerant to self antigens

39
Q

DAMPs

A

released by stressed cells that can be bound to PRRs to activate the immune system (self activation of immune system)

they indicate an infection has occured

40
Q

Hypersensetivity

A

allergy; an exaggerated immune response that causes damage to the indivisual (usually an attach of foregin but begnin foreign antibodies)

41
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

A group of disorders caused by ones own antibodies or T cells reacting agaisnt self proteins

42
Q

Immune Deficiency

A

Acquired or inherited disorders resulting in an insufficiency of the immune response to protect against infectious agents

43
Q

Immune Imbalance

A

Dysregulation in the immune system that leads to aderrant activity of immune cells, especially enhanced inflammation and/or reduced immune inhibition

44
Q

Compare the response time, secificity, response to repeat infection and major components of the inate and adaptive immune system.

A

Innate:
Response time: minutes to hours
Specificity: Limited and Fixed
Response to repeat Infection: Same each time, but can be “trained”
Major components: Barriers (such as skin…), phagocytes, and pattern recodnition molecules

Adaptive:
Response time: days (5-6 days after inicial exposure)
Specificity: Highly diverse, adapts to improve during the couse of immune response
Response to repeat infection: more rapid and effective with each subsequent exposure
Major components: T and B lymphocytes, antigen specific receptors, and antibodies

45
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Host defenses mediated by B and T cells following antigen exposure. Has specificity, diversity, memory, and self/non-self recodnizing abilities

46
Q

Describe the sequence of events of a typical immune response.

A
  1. Microbes enter the body through mucosal surfaces or breach he skin
  2. Microbes are detected by resident phagocytic cells and the innate stage of immune response begins
  3. Responding phagocytes are activated tocombat the infection locally via release of antimicrobial compounds, chemokines, and cytokines. This causes a fluid influx that helps recruit other immune cells to the site (inflammation)
  4. Free pathogen and other phagocytic cells that have engulfed pathogens flow through lymphatic vessels tward the lymph nodes where they intersect with b and t cells
  5. Active immunity is iniciated in secondary lymphoid structures specific B/T cells bind the pathogen and colonially expand
  6. Activated lymphocytes migrate out of the lymph nodes and join the bloodstream via the heart
  7. As the lymphocytes identify areas of infection lymphocytes exit the blood vessels and migrate toward he infection where they can help label and destroy the pathogen
  8. Residual long-term memory T/B cells take up residence in the various locations of the body from which they will be avalible if the pathogen is encountered again
47
Q

Immunological memory

A

The ability of the immune system to respond more swiftly and with greater efficency during a 2nd/laer exposure to the same pathogen

48
Q

Primary Response

A

Occurs during the 1st encounter with a foreign antigen. Lymphocytes that will be used to erradicate the pathogen are colonially selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection

49
Q

Second Response

A

All subsequent encounters with the same pathogen, utalizes nenory cells to participate in the response.

50
Q

Memory Cells

A

Lymphocytes (b or T) generated following encounters with an antigen. Long lived and more readily stimulated than niave lymphocytes and these are the primary mediators of the secondary adaptive immune response.

51
Q

How long can memory cells reemain in the body after they are generated?

A

Decades

52
Q

Describe the kinetics of a Primary vs a Secondary Immune Response.

A

See graph at the end of the seond lecture notes.

IMIN 371 (9 decks)

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