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URI > Overview and comparative > Flashcards

Overview and comparative Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

List the main functions of the kidney

A
  • Endocrine function
  • Acid base balance
  • Water balance
  • Detoxification
  • Blood pressure
  • Vitamin D and calcium
    Blood glucose regulation
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3
Q

Briefly outline the endocrine role of the kidney

A
  • Produces erythropoietin
  • Activates vit D
    Produces renin
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4
Q

Briefly outline the role of the kidney in acid-base balance

A
  • Excretes excess electrolytes
  • Moves ions around
  • Greatest control of pH after the lungs
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5
Q

Briefly outline the role of the kidney in water balance

A
  • Main role of kidney
  • Control via sodium and potassium homeostasis
  • Effect on blood volume and thus pressure
  • Daily fluid intake can vary greatly, need to maintain constant state
  • Mainly control of pressure rather than amount of water
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6
Q

Briefly outline the role of the kidney in detoxification

A
  • Removal or organic waste e.g. urea and creatinine
  • Water soluble only, liver deals with fat soluble
  • Potassium
  • Very effective
  • Drugs bound to proteins will not be cleared
  • Liver makes things water soluble so kidney can excrete them
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7
Q

Briefly outline the role of the kidney in blood pressure

A
  • Produces renin, RAAS system

- Closed circulatory system - increase water = increased pressure

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8
Q

Briefly outline the role of the kidney in vitamin D and calcium

A
  • Produces calcitriol (active vit D)
  • Helps regulate calcium
    Poor function can lead to demineralisation of bone and fractures, or mineral deposits in soft tissues
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9
Q

Briefly outline the role in blood glucose regulation

A

Site of gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

How do perineal hernias occur?

A

When muscles of pelvic diaphragm fail to support the rectal wall, most often in intact male dogs

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11
Q

What is the function of the obturator nerve?

A

Adduction of hindlimb

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12
Q

What is the function of the femoral nerve (L4-6)?

A

Motor to quadriceps and femoris muscle

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13
Q

What is the function of the pelvic splanchnic nerve?

A
  • Parasympathetic GVE to pelvic viscera

- GVA from pelvic viscera

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14
Q

What is the function of the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve?

A

Sensory to skin of caudal thigh

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15
Q

What are the 3 tissue regions of the kidney?

A
  • Inner pelvic region
  • Medulla
  • Cortex
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16
Q

Describe the generalised position of the kidneys

A
  • Paired organs
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Dorsal abdomen
  • Ventral lumbar region with limited mobility (except cat)
  • Right kidney more cranial (except pig)
  • Left kidney most mobile
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17
Q

Where does the right kidney lie in the pig?

A
  • Does not touch the liver, unlike other species
  • Last rib to 4th lumbar vertebrae
  • Kidneys in line
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18
Q

Where are glomeruli found?

A

In the renal pyramids

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19
Q

What is the function of the glomeruli?

A

Production of urine

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20
Q

Describe the internal struture of the kidney

A
  • Ureter divides, then divides at again
  • At ends of branches have calices
  • Calives situated next to/below renal pyramids
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21
Q

Why does the lobular structure differ between species?

A
  • All species go through multi-lobular stage in development

- Varyiing degrees of fusion of these in different species

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22
Q

Which species have a pseudounilobular structure?

A

Dog, cat, sheep, horse

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23
Q

Which species have a multi-lobed structure with a smooth kidney surface?

A

Pig and human

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24
Q

Which species have a multi-lobed structure with a lobulated kidney surface?

A

Only cow

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25
Q

Which species have unilobular kidneys?

A

Rodents and lagomorphs

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26
Q

Where is the renal pelvis located?

A

Within the renal sinus at the hilus

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27
Q

Describe the renal pelvis of single lobe species

A
  • Large irregular structure
  • Broad finger-like processes called recesses (instead of calyces)
  • Only 2 recesses in the horse
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28
Q

Describe the renal pelvis of multilobed, smooth surfaced kidneys

A
  • Small irregular structure

- Short stems ending in calyces

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29
Q

Describe the renal pelvis of multilobed, lobular surfaced kidneys

A

Divided proximal ureter leading to multiple calyces

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30
Q

Describe the structure of the cat, dog, sheep and horse kidneys

A
  • Lobes seen internally
  • Pyramids partially merged
  • Papillae merged to form renal crest
  • No calices
  • Singele pelvis
  • Smooth surface
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31
Q

Describe the structure of the pig kidney

A
  • Flattened, elongated
  • Obvious pyramids
  • Multiple renal papillae
  • Multiple calices
  • Branched pelvis
  • Smooth surface
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32
Q

Describe the external appearance of the equine kidney

A
  • More triangular
  • Right heart shaped, left L shaped/pyramidal
  • Cranial and caudal pole bent towards each other in middle at hilus
  • Smooth outer
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33
Q

Describe the external appearance of the bovine kidney

A
  • More oval, irregular
  • Divided into separate zones
  • External appearance not smooth (lobulated)
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34
Q

Describe the internal structure of the bovine kidney

A
  • Same as dolphin and elephant
  • Multipyramidal
  • Multiple lobes
  • Multiple renal papillae
  • Multiple calices
  • No pelvis
  • Each stem of the ureter drains a lobe (which consists of one pyramid)
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35
Q

What is meant by a renal lobe?

A

A section of the kidney linked to one pyramid and papilla

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36
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cortex?

A
  • External (outer zone)

- Internal (inner) juxtamedullary zone

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37
Q

Describe the internal structure of the canine kidney

A
  • Medulla consists of medullary pyramids, outer part is base and inner part is single renal papilla
  • Small zones of tissue dividing kidney into regions
  • Instead of stems and calices have broad but irregular dilated area = renal pelvis
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38
Q

Describe the internal kidney structure found in rodents and lagomorphs

A
  • Unilobular
  • Single renal lobe
  • Single pyramid
  • Single papilla
  • Still have cortex and medulla, less prominent pelvic region
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39
Q

What is an adaptation of the papilla found in desert adapted species?

A

The papilla may extend through the hilus

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40
Q

What are the anatomical landmarks of the left kidney?

A
  • Cranial pole in contact with greater curvature of kidney
  • Dorsomedial aspect of cranial pole contacts spleen laterally
  • Cranially left kidney may contact the left limb of the pancreas
  • Medially cranial pole contacts left adrenal gland
  • Caudally small intestine and descending colon
  • Ovary caudally and ventrally to kidney
41
Q

What is the benefit of the location of the spleen in relation to the kidney?

A

Often ventral to kidney making useful acoustic window

42
Q

What are the anatomical landmarks fo the right kidney?

A
  • Cranial pole within renal fossa of caudate lobe of liver
  • Medially: caudal vena cava
  • Medial aspect: right adrenal gland (dorsolateral to the CVC)
  • Ventrally: descending duodenum
  • Ventrally and medially: right pancreatic limb
  • Ovary: caudoventral to right kidney
43
Q

Describe the route taken by the ureters

A
  • From kidney to bladder
  • One per kidney
  • Parallel to spine
  • Pass within retroperitoneal space
  • Directed medially
  • End on dorsolateral bladder surface (at neck)
  • Within lateral ligament of the bladder
44
Q

Compare the route of the ureters in males and females

A
  • In females through broad ligament

- In males through the mesoductus

45
Q

Describe the structure of the uretal wall

A
  • Mucuous membrane, transitiional epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscular layer
  • Adventitia
46
Q

What is the main adaptation of the ureter?

A
  • Stretch to allow pulses of urine to pass
  • The transitional epithelium offers apical cellular protection against urine and wide range of adaptation if the wall is stretched
47
Q

Describe the way in which the ureters connect to the bladder

A
  • Enter obliquely at the neck
  • Run intramurally between muscular layer and mucosa
  • Then open through 2 slits often on slightly raised hillock
48
Q

What is the function of the oblique entrance of the ureters into the bladder?

A
  • Provides form of closure

- As pressure in the bladder increases, ureters are closed preventing urine being forced back up the ureters

49
Q

What is it known as when the ureters do not open in the correct position?

A
  • Ectopic ureter

- E.g. may empty directly into the urethra

50
Q

Describe the structure of the bladder

A
  • Hollow, muscular-membranous organ
    Divided into cranial pole, intermediate body and caudal neck
  • Varies in size and position depending on degree of filling
51
Q

Compare the appearance of bladder when empty vs full

A
  • Wrinkled when empty
  • Folds disappear when distended
  • Wall thinner when distended
52
Q

Describe the ureteric folds

A
  • Extend from ureteral openings to neck of bladder where they fuse
  • Region where ureteric folds join = urethral crest
  • Continues into urethra
53
Q

List the ligaments of the bladder

A
  • 2 lateral ligaments

- Median ligament

54
Q

Describe the lateral ligaments of the bladder

A
  • Insert in dorsal abdominal wall

- Contain the residual umbilical vessels

55
Q

Describe the median ligament of the bladder

A
  • Connects bladder to pelvic floor and linea alba
56
Q

Describe the female urethra

A
  • Empties at extenral urethral orifice onto ventral wall of the vagina at tvestibulo-vaginal junction
  • Length and diameter vary considerably between species
57
Q

Describe the urethra in the mare

A
  • Short and wide
58
Q

Describe the urethra in the bitch

A
  • Bordered by 2 fossae
59
Q

Describe the urethra in the sow and cow

A
  • Significant sub-urethral diverticulum
60
Q

Desribe the general features of the male urethra

A
  • Empties at tip of penis
  • Divided into penile and pelvic portion
  • Pelvic portion subdivided into pre-prostatic and prostatic
61
Q

Where is pre-prostatic portion of the urethra in males?

A

From bladder neck to seminal hillock

62
Q

Where is the prostatic portion of the urethra in males?

A

Includes opening of deferent, vesicular and prostatic ducts

63
Q

Where is the penile portion of the urethra in males?

A

From the ischial arch to the penile tip

64
Q

Which species have a simple urethra (male)?

A
  • Canidae

- Porcidae

65
Q

Which species have an Os Penis?

A
  • Canidae

- Felidae

66
Q

Describe the urethra in male cats

A
  • Sigmoidal
  • Small os penis
  • Glans penis has many small barbs (regress when neutered)
67
Q

Describe the urethral in male Equidae

A

Urethra inside the urethral fossa of the glans

68
Q

Describe the urethra in male Bovidae

A

Urethra sits at the end of spiral groove in the glans

69
Q

Describe the urethra in male Ovidae and Capridae

A

Urethra extends 3-4cm beyond glans of the penis

70
Q

What are the main arteries supplying the urinary system?

A
  • Renal
  • Internal iliac
  • External iliac
71
Q

What arteries split off from the internal iliac?

A
  • Umbilical (cranial vesicular)

- Urogenital

72
Q

What arteries does the urogenital artery split into?

A
  • Artery of ductus deferens
  • Caudal vesicular artery
  • Prostatic/vaginal artery
  • Urethral artery
73
Q

What arteries stem from the external iliac artery

A
  • Caudal abdominal

- Deep femoral (middle vesicular)

74
Q

Where do the renal arteries originate from?

A

Lateral aspect of the aorta

75
Q

Describe the left renal blood vessels

A
  • Left renal artery (3cm length) originates 2cm caudal to the right renal artery
  • Left renal vein immediately ventral to the artery (3-4cm length)
76
Q

Describe the right renal blood vessels

A
  • Right renal artery arises 4 cm caudal to cranial mesenteric artery
  • Transverses dorsal to caudal vena cava
  • Vein immediately ventral to renal artery (4-5cm length)
77
Q

Describe the order of renal blood flow, starting at the aorta

A

Aorta -> renal artery -> inter-lobar artery -> arcuate artery -> inter-lobular artery -> afferent glomerular artery -> glomerulus -> efferent glomerular artery -> renal tubule plexus -> inter-lobular vein -> arcuate vein -> inter-lobar vein -> renal vein -> caudal vena cava

78
Q

Describe the arterial portal system within the kidney

A
  • Efferent glomerular arterioles receive blood from capillaries of renal glomeruli
  • Carry to peritubular capillary plexus surrounding proximal and distal convoluted tubules
79
Q

Describe the renal portal system

A

Blood from caudal body enters kidneys = renal portal system

80
Q

Explain the importance of the renal portal system

A
  • Injections into tail/hindlegs may give lower plasma concentrations than expected
  • May be nephrotocis due to higher concentration reaching kidney
  • But effects not thought to be significant
81
Q

What is unusual about the venous return from the caudal body in reptiles and crocodilians?

A

Can go via an extra set of veins to the liver

82
Q

Describe the renal portal valve

A
  • Directs blood flow
  • Either to or past the kidneys
  • Close to force blood into the kidney, rather than caudal vena cava
83
Q

In what species is the renal portal valve found?

A

Birds

84
Q

What is the importance of the renal portal valve?

A
  • Injection into tail or leg veins can be passed through kidney
  • Can be excreted rather than distributed, or may be reno-toxic
85
Q

Describe the blood supply to the ureters

A
  • Renal artery to renal pelvis and proximal ureter

- Cranial vesicular artery and vaginal/prostatic artery to distal ureter

86
Q

What artery supplies the bladder?

A

Caudal vesicular artery

87
Q

What artery supplies the urethra?

A

Urethral artery

88
Q

Describe the innervation of the kidney

A
  • Symp and para fibres from solar plexus via renal arteries

- Symp from synpase in coeliac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion

89
Q

Describe the innervation of the bladder

A
  • Symp vai hypogastric from caudal mesenteric ganglion

- Para from pudendal nerve

90
Q

What is the lymhatic drainage of the kidney?

A

Renal lymph nodes

91
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ureters?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes

92
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the bladder?

A

Iliosacral lymph nodes

93
Q

What organs make up the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys and ureters

94
Q

What organs make up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder and urethra

95
Q

Describe canine kidneys

A
  • Bean shaped
  • 2.5-3.5x length of L2 (VD view)
  • Right kidney approx T13-L1/2, cranially in contact with caudate lobe of liver
  • Left usually slightly futher caudal and ventral, separation of kidneys more obvious on RLR view
96
Q

Describe feline kidneys

A
  • More oval in shape
  • More frequently superimposed
  • More caudally positioned
  • Cranial pole of right kidney more often separated from liver by fat (easier to see)
  • Approx 2-3x L2 in length
97
Q

Compare the appearance of the bladder in the cat and dog

A
  • Dog more pear shaped

- Cat more ovoid

98
Q

Describe the appearance of the bladder on radiography

A
  • Soft tissue opacity
  • Usually midline in VD view, easily displaced
  • Normal urethra not visible on plain radiographs

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