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URI > Development of urinary tract > Flashcards

Development of urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages in kidney development?

A
  • Pronephros
  • Mesonephros
  • Metanephros
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2
Q

What is formed from the paraxial mesoderm?

A
  • Dermis
  • Axial and limb muscles
  • Axial skeleton
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3
Q

What is formed from the intermediate mesoderm?

A
  • The urinary system
  • Nephros
  • Urinary ducts
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Sex cords of gonads
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4
Q

What is formed from the lateral splanchnic mesoderm?

A
  • Extra-embryonic mesoderm
  • Mesothelium
  • Cardiac tissues
  • Connective tissues
  • Blood vessels
  • Stroma of gonads
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5
Q

What is formed from the lateral somatic mesoderm?

A
  • Extra-embryonic mesoderm
  • Mesothelium
  • Appendicular skeleton
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6
Q

Describe the development of the nephros

A
  • Intermediate mesoderm develops 2 bilaterally symmetrical sections from cranial to caudal, connected to coelomic cavity
  • Activity shifts caudally as embryo develops, cranial sections atrophy, become less important
  • Pronephros -> mesonephros -> metanephros
  • Trail of destruction either atrophies completely or converted to other glands
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7
Q

Describe the structure, blood supply and fate of the pronephros in mammals

A
  • Segmental
  • Segmental drainage and blood supply
  • Disappears completely in mammals
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8
Q

Describe the mesonephros

A
    • Degenerates to form gonads

- Some cells rescued and form adrenal cortex

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9
Q

Describe the metanephros

A
  • Has own duct, retained as true kidney

- Metanephric ducts become ureters, pelvis and collecting ducts

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10
Q

Describe the kidney development in fish and amphibians

A
  • Pronephros replaced by mesonephros
  • Mesonephros has reproductive and excretory elements in these animals
  • Caudal region is true kidney
  • Still segmental
  • Cranial more reproductive function
  • No metanephros
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11
Q

Describe the blood supply to the developing kidney

A
  • Branches from dorsal aorta
  • Segmentally paired for pro- and mesonephros
  • Paired for metanephros
  • Stimulates formation of nephric tubules
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12
Q

Outline the development of the nephric tubules

A

Intermediate mesoderm projects into coelomic cavity at Th/L region to form bilateral urogenital ridges

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13
Q

Outline the development of urinary ducts

A
  • Holes in mesoderm, fuse to make tube
  • Form within mesoderm, drains into cloaca
  • Drain nephric tubules as the paired pronephric/mesonephric ducts
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14
Q

Describe the development of the mammalian kidneys

A
  • Ducts grow towards metanephros (not towards cloaca from metanephros)
  • Invasion of ducts into metanephros stimulates formation of nephrons
  • Blood supply forms glomerular tufts
  • Mesoderm forms Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubules
  • Ureteric duct forms collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureter
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15
Q

Describe the formation of the final positions of the ureters and ductus deferentes

A
  • Mesonephric duct becomes d. deferentes
  • Wrapping of vas deferens leads to formation of trigone (inside of bladder)
  • Meso and metanephric ducts separate
  • mesonephric becomes fused with bladder, trail with mesonephric mesoderm embedded in bladder
  • Opening does not move - the tube fuses to the bladder wall like plasticine
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16
Q

What forms the trigone of the bladder?

A
  • Absorption of terminal ends of mesonephric ducts into bladder wall
  • Trail of mesoderm left from the mesonephric ducts
  • Rest of bladder derived from endoderm
17
Q

Describe the development of the bladder and urethra from the urogenictal system

A
  • Allantoic sac connects to bladder
  • Root with gut divided by ureorectal septum to create hindgut and bladder
  • Initially have combined excretory region as cloaca
  • Split of rectum and bladder comes from behind
  • Septum grows and divides (mesoderm grows, approaching cloacal membrane - not apoptosis)
18
Q

Outline why the development of hte urinary system is closely associated with the development of the gonads

A
  • Splanchnic mesoderm from lateral plate mesoderm forms stroma of gonads
  • Germ cells of yolk sac migrate and embed on gonads
  • Intermediate mesoderm forms nephros, urinary ducts, adrenal crotex and sex cords of gonads
  • Mesonephric tubules and mesonephric ducts eventually become the gonads
19
Q

Describe the development of the male testes

A
  • Mesonephric tubules form the seminiferous tubules
  • Mesonephric ducts form the ductus deferentes
  • The paramesonephric duct regresses
  • Supporting mesodermal cells
20
Q

Describe the development of ovaries in the female

A
  • Tubules and ducts regress
  • Paramesonephric duct becomes ovarian duct and uterus
  • supporting mesodermal cells
21
Q

Compare development of the gonads in females and males

A
  • Males have simpler routes of development
  • Females develop new ducts rather than using old ones
  • Connective tissue derived from regressing mesoderm
  • In males develop tracts from parts not used anymore
22
Q

Outline why the development of the urinary system is closely associated with the development of the adrenal gland

A
  • Adrenal gland is merger of 2 endocrine organs
  • Adrenal cortex derived from some of regressing mesonephric tubules
  • Adrenal medulla derived from neural crest cells which migrate into centre of adrenal cortex
23
Q

List some developmental defects of the urinary system

A 
- Ectopic ureters
Renal agenesis, dysplasia, hypoplasia 
- Polycystic kidney disease 
- Double ureters
- Horseshoe kidneys
- Renal ectopia
- Failure of bladder closure
- Cysts of mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts (no clinical significance, just embryological remnants)
24
Q

What do the mesonephric tubules form in males?

A

The seminiferous tubules

25
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts form in males?

A

The ductus deferentes

26
Q

What happens to the paramesonephric ducts in males?

A

They regress

27
Q

What happens to the mesonephric tubules and ducts in females?

A

They regress

28
Q

What is formed from the paramesonephric ducts in females?

A

The ovarian duct and uterus

URI (15 decks)

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