Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

URI > Microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract > Flashcards

Microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the vascularisation of the kidney

A
  • Supplied by single branch of aorta (renal artery)
  • Splits into interlobar artery within kidney
  • Then arcuate artery
  • Then interlobar artery
  • Into vasa recta
  • Into arcuate vein, then interlobar vein and then renal vein out into caudal vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the reason for the gross appearance of cat kidneys?

A

The subscapular veins run towards the hilum of the kidney, givign a grooved appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meant by end arteries?

A
  • Vessels that do not have anastomoses with a back up blood supply
  • Closed blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the relevance of end arteries to renal function?

A
  • Renal arteries are end arteries

- Damage to an artery will lead to a whole section losing its blood supply and dying off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the nephron made up of?

A
  • The renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

- And the tubular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the components of the tubular system of the nephron? (in order)

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct (drains into pelvis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What components are found in the renal cortex

A
  • Proximal and distal convoluted tubues

- Glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What components are found in both the inner and outer medulla of the kidney?

A
  • The thin loops of Henle

- Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is found in the outer medulla?

A
  • Straight proximal tubule (S3)
  • Thick ascending loop
  • Collecting ducts
  • Thin tubules
  • Vasa recta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is found in the inner medulla?

A
  • Collecting ducts
  • Thin tubules
  • Vasa recta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can be seen in the cortex of the kidney on histology?

A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Convoluted tubules
  • Medullary rays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the glomerulus

A
  • Aka renal corpuscle
  • Vascular tuft/ capillary bundle
  • Fneestrated so filtrate drains out
  • Pressure difference between afferent and effect arteriole to facilitate filtration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which has higher pressure, the afferent or the efferent arteriole in the kidney?

A
  • The efferent

- Facilitates filtration through the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Bowman’s capsule

A
  • Inner (visceral) layer made up of podocytes
  • Outer (parietal) layer
  • Not directly in contact with blood
  • Podocytes between vascular tuft and inner of capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the filtration mechanisms found in the glomerulus?

A
  • Physical

- Electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the podocytes in Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Filter to keep proteins in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the mesangial cells?

A
  • Mesothelium of the capillary tuft (glomerulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the functions of the mesangial cells?

A
  • Properties of immune and smooth muscle cells
  • Assist filtration barrier
  • Provide structural support
  • Phagocytose foreign material
20
Q

List the filtration apparatus of the glomerulus

A
  • Fenestrated capillary endothelium
  • Charge of the glomerular basement membrane (-ve charge, repels anions)
  • Podocytes
  • Physical action of glomerular basement membrane
21
Q

How do podocytes act to filter the blood?

A
  • Have primary and secondary processes
  • Pedicels
  • Filtration slite between pedicels
  • Anything larger than slit will not pass through
22
Q

Describe the structure of the proximal tubule

A
  • Made up of 3 segments
  • S1, S2, S3
  • S1,2 are convoluted, S3 is straight
  • Brush border
  • Basal striation
  • Interdigitation of basal processes
  • Infolding of basal cell membrane to increase SA
23
Q

What is the function of the proximal tubule?

A
  • Majority of transport
  • Bulk absorption
  • Reabsorption from filtrate e.g. glucose
24
Q

How does the proximal tubule carry out its function?

A
  • Enzymatic system

- Abundant Na/K ATPase

25
Q

Why are there many mitochondria present in the proximal tubule cells?

A
  • Reabsorption is an enzymatic process
  • Active process, lots of ATP needed
  • Mitochondria supply this ATP
26
Q

What is the disadvantage of the enzymatic system in the proximal tubule?

A
  • Can be overloaded
  • osmotically active substances can get into the loop of Henle
  • E.g. glucose
27
Q

What are the different segments of the Loop of Henle? (in order)

A
  • Thick descending limb
  • Thin segment
  • Thick ascending limb
28
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A
  • Concentration of urine
29
Q

How does the Loop of Henle carry out its function?

A
  • Countercurrent multiplier

- Water out of descending loop, ions out of the ascending loop

30
Q

Describe the concentration of ions in the loop of Henle

A
  • Increasing ion concentration down the loop, decreasing up the loop
  • 2 isotonic regions
  • Highest concentration of salts at the bottom of the loop
31
Q

What is medullary wash out and how does this occur?

A
  • Too much fluid

- Unable to produce concentrated urine

32
Q

Describe the structure of the distal tubule

A
  • Straight segment
  • Convoluted segment
  • Basal striation
33
Q

What is the function of the distal tubule?

A
  • Ion transfer

- Balances amount of water in teh body

34
Q

How does the distal tubule carry out its function?

A
  • Pumps sodium chloride
  • Controls K, Cl, Na to balance water
  • Isotonic solution of these ions
35
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • Terminal portion of straight distal tubule comes into contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles of its “own” glomerulus
  • Macula densa where in contact
36
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Rate and concentration of sodium going past measured here

37
Q

Describe the structure of the collecting ducts

A
  • Inner medulla
  • Flat cylindrical cells
  • Each individual duct coalesces to a larger duct to open to renal papilla
38
Q

What is the function of the collecting ducts?

A
  • Bring urine together

- Alter amount of water in urine

39
Q

How do the collecting ducts carry out their function?

A
  • Use concentration gradient set up by loop of Henle

- ADH inserts aquaporins to allow more absorption into tissues

40
Q

Where do the collecting ducts connect to the papilla?

A
  • At area cribrosa of the papilla, into the renal pelvis
41
Q

What is unique about the horse renal pelvis?

A
  • Contain low numbers of mucus glands
  • Referred to as pelvis renalis and uretericae glands
  • Simple branched tubualveolar glands present in mucosa and produce viscous mucinous material
42
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A
  • Capillary network around the loop of Henle

- Reabsorbs water from interstitium and carries back to venous sytem

43
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the ureters

A
  • Transitional epithelium - Thick, fibroelastic lamina propria
  • Upper 2/3rds smooth muscle, 2 layers inner (longitudinal) and middle (circular)
  • Lower 1/3rd only has outer longitudinal smooth muscle
44
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A
  • Stretchable and impermeable, can adjust to distension

- Can stretch until appears squamous

45
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the bladder

A
  • 3 layers of smooth muscles
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Underlying mucosa heavily folded to accomodate volume changes
  • As expands, folds disappear
46
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the urethra

A
  • Mainly transitional epithelium
  • Some parts with stratified epithelium
  • Erectile tissue in both sexes (endothelial lined vascular spaces)

URI (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions