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Essential Clinical Anatomy > Overview and Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Overview and Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Based on the organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk and paired upper and lower extremities

A

Regional Anatomy

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2
Q

Approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

A

Systemic Anatomy

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3
Q

Consists of the skin and its appendages such as the hair and nails

A

Integumentary system (Dermatology)

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4
Q

Consists of bones and cartilage. Provides support for the body and protects vital organs

A

Skeletal System (osteology, orthopedics)

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5
Q

Consists of joints and their associated ligaments. Sites at which movements occur

A

Articular System (arthrology)

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6
Q

Consists of muscles that act to move or position parts of the body.

A

Muscular System (Myology)

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7
Q

Consists of the central and peripheral nerves

A

Nervous System (Neurology)

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8
Q

Consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems which function in parallel to distribute fluids within the body

A

Circulatory System (Angiology)

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9
Q

Consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood through the body

A

Cardiovascular System (Cardiology)

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10
Q

Consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid from the body’s interstitial fluid compartments, filters through the lymph nodes and returns it to the bloodstream

A

Lymphoid System

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11
Q

Consists of the organs and glands associated wit the ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of feces after the nutrients have been absorbed

A

Digestive or Alimentary system (gastroenterology)

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12
Q

Consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory System (Pulmonology)

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13
Q

Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra which filter blood and subsequently produce transport, store and intermittently excrete liquid waste

A

Urinary system (Urology)

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14
Q

Consists of the gonads that produce oocytes and sperms and the other genital organs concerned with reporduction

A

Reproductive System (Obstetrics and gynecology for females and Andrology for males)

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15
Q

Consists of discrete ductless glands as well as cells of the intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones. These glands influence metabolism and coordinate and regulate other processes

A

Endocrine system (endocrinology)

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16
Q

Emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. Encompasses both regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application

A

Clinical (applied) anatomy

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17
Q

The vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, diving it into right and left halves

A

Medial (medial sagittal) Plane

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18
Q

Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

A

Sagittal Plane

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19
Q

Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane dividing it into anterior and posterior portions

A

Frontal (coronal) Planes

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20
Q

Planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes. Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

A

Transverse planes

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21
Q

Planes or sections that do not align with preceding planes

A

Oblique planes or sections

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22
Q

Nearer to the surface

A

Superficial

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23
Q

Between a superficial and a deep structure

A

Intermediate

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24
Q

Farther from the surfacw

A

Deep

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25
Q

Nearer to the median plane

A

Medial

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26
Q

Farther from the median plane

A

Lateral

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27
Q

Nearer to the head

A

Superior (cranial)

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28
Q

Nearer to feet

A

Inferior (caudal)

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29
Q

Nearer to back

A

Posterior (dorsal)

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30
Q

Nearer to front

A

Anterior (ventral)

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31
Q

Farther from trunk or point of origin

A

Distal

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32
Q

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

A

Proximal

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33
Q

Refers to the superior or back surface of any part that protrudes anterior from the body

A

Dorsum

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34
Q

Indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot

A

Sole (plantar surface)

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35
Q

Refers to the flat anterior aspect of the hand excluding the five digits

A

Palm (palmar surface)

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36
Q

Structures having right and left members

A

Bilateral

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37
Q

Structures occurring on one side only

A

Unilateral

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38
Q

Occurring on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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39
Q

Occurring on the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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40
Q

bending of a part or decreasing the angle between body parts

A

Flexion

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41
Q

straightening a part or increasing the angle between body parts

A

Extension

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42
Q

Moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane

A

Abduction

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43
Q

Moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane

A

Adduction

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44
Q

circular motion of a joint where the proximal end is fixed, and the distal end is free to move in a circle

A

Circumduction

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45
Q

Backward movement of the mandible

A

Retrusion

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46
Q

Forward movement of the mandible

A

Protrusion

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47
Q

Backward bending and contracting of hand or foot

A

dorsiflexion

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48
Q

Movement of the foot in which the foot and toes flex downward to the sole

A

Plantarflexion

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49
Q

Turning the sole of the foot inward

A

Inversion

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50
Q

Turning the sole of the foot outward

A

Eversion

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51
Q

a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing anteriorly

A

Supination

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52
Q

a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing posteriorly

A

Pronation

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53
Q

movement of a body part in a superior direction, or moving upward

A

Elevation

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54
Q

movement of a body part in an inferior direction, or moving downward

A

Depression

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55
Q

Largest organ in the body; best indicator of general health

A

Integumentary system (skin)

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56
Q

Skin serves the following functions:

A

Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D

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57
Q

Keratinized stratified epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin. This layer is a tough protective outer surface that is continuously rubbed away. It is avascular.

A

Epidermis

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58
Q

Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. Fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of the skin. Deep layer contains hair follicles with associated smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands

A

Dermis

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59
Q

Muscle that erects the hairs

A

Arrector muscle

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60
Q

Layer of skin composed of loose connective tissue and fat. Contains deepest parts of the sweat glands, the blood and lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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61
Q

Dense, organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelops most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

Deep fascia

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62
Q

Formed by the deep fascia that holds tendons in place during joint movement

A

Retinacula

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63
Q

Formed by the deep fascia prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over one another

A

Bursae

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64
Q

Consists of the bones of the head, neck and trunk

A

Axial skeleton

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65
Q

Consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral and pelvic girdles

A

Appendicular skeleton

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66
Q

Resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary. Avascular.

A

Cartilage

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67
Q

This type of cartilage is found near synovial joints to help provide smooth low-friction gliding surfaces for free movement of articulating bones

A

articular cartilage

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68
Q

What function do bones serve

A

Protection for vital structures, support for the body and its vital cavities, mechanical basis for movement, storage for salts, continuous supply of new blood cells

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69
Q

What are the two types of bones

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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70
Q

Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone

A

Periosteum

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71
Q

Tissue surrounding cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage

A

Perichondrium

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72
Q

When bone sometimes forms in soft tissue where it is not normally present

A

heterotopic bone

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73
Q

Type of bone that is a tubular structure

A

Long bone

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74
Q

Type of bone that are cuboidal; found only in the ankle and wrist

A

Short bone

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75
Q

Type of bone that serve protective functions

A

Flat bone

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76
Q

Type of bone that have various shapes

A

Irregular bone

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77
Q

Type of bone that develop in certain tendons

A

Sesamoid bone

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78
Q

The Humerus is an example of a

A

Long bone

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79
Q

The Tarsus is an example of a

A

Short bone

80
Q

Calvaria of crainum is an example of a

A

Flat bone

81
Q

Bones of the face are an example of a

A

Irregular bone

82
Q

The Patella is an example of a

A

Sesamoid bone

83
Q

Rounded articular area of a bone

A

condyle

84
Q

Ridge of a bone

A

Crest

85
Q

eminence superior to a condyle

A

epicondyle

86
Q

smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

A

Facet

87
Q

passage through a bone

A

Foramen

88
Q

Hollow or depressed area

A

Fossa

89
Q

Linear elevation

A

line (linea)

90
Q

rounded prominence

A

malleolus

91
Q

indention at the edge of a bone

A

Notch

92
Q

projecting spine-like part

A

process

93
Q

projection of bone

A

protuberance

94
Q

thorn-like process

A

spine

95
Q

large blunt elevation

A

Trochanter

96
Q

small raised eminence

A

Tubercle

97
Q

Large rounded elevation

A

Tuberosity

98
Q

What are the two processes in which bones develop and what is the difference?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The difference is endochondral ossification starts with a cartilage model and then replaced by bone where as intramembranous forms bone directly

99
Q

An articulation or the place of union or junction between two or more rigid components

A

Joint

100
Q

What are the three types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

101
Q

Type of joint that a bone unites with fibrous tissue

A

Fibrous joint

102
Q

Type of fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue either ligament or fibrous membrane. Amphiarthrosis

A

Syndesmosis

103
Q

Type of fibrous joint found in teeth. Peg-like process fits into a socket; Synarthrosis

A

Gomphosis

104
Q

Example of syndesmosis

A

Interosseous membrane of the forearm

105
Q

Example of Gomphosis

A

root of the tooth with alveolar process

106
Q

Articulating bones are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joint

107
Q

Primary cartilaginous joints that permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epiphysial plate converts to bone; Synarthrosis

A

Synchondroses

108
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints; binding of tissue in a fibrocartilaginous disk; amphiarthrosis

A

Symphysis

109
Q

Type of joint where two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity but are joined by an articular capsule. Diarthroses.

A

Synovial joint

110
Q

Name the six types of synovial joints

A

Pivot, Ball and socket, Condyloid, Saddle, Hinge and Plane

111
Q

Type of synovial joint with a rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket permitting rotation

A

Pivot

112
Q

Type of synovial joint with a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement in three planes

A

Ball and socket

113
Q

Type of synovial joint that permits gliding and sliding movements

A

Plane

114
Q

Type of synovial joint that permit flexion and extension only

A

Hinge

115
Q

Type of synovial joint with saddle shaped head permit movement in tow different planes

A

Saddle

116
Q

Type of synovial joint that permit flexion and extension abduction and adduction and circumduction

A

Condyloid

117
Q

Example of a pivot joint

A

Alanto-axial joint

118
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A

Hip joint

119
Q

Example of a plane joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

120
Q

Example of Hinge joint

A

Elbow joint

121
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

Carpometacarpal joint

122
Q

Example of a condyloid joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

123
Q

Three types of muscle fibers

A

Skeletal striated muscle, cardiac striated muscle and smooth muscle

124
Q

Three ways skeletal muscle can undergo contraction

A

Reflexive, Tonic and Phasic

125
Q

Type of muscle contraction that is automatic and not voluntarily controlled muscle contraction

A

Reflexive contraction

126
Q

Type of muscle contraction that produces a slight contraction that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives the muscle firmness, assisting the stability of joints

A

Tonic contraction

127
Q

What are the two types of phasic contraction

A

Isometric and Isotonic contractions

128
Q

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle length remains the same - no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased above tonic levels ex: Plank

A

Isometric contractions

129
Q

Type of muscle contraction which the muscle changes length to produce movement

A

Isotonic contractions

130
Q

What are the two types of Isotonic contractions and what is the difference?

A

Concentric and eccentric contractions. Concentric occurs with muscle shortening and eccentric occurs with controlled muscle lengthening

131
Q

Structural unit of a muscle

A

Muscle fiber

132
Q

Connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

133
Q

Group of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

134
Q

The entire muscle is surrounded by

A

epimysium

135
Q

The main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

A

Prime mover/Agonist

136
Q

These muscles stead the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occurring in distal parts

A

Fixators

137
Q

These muscles complement the action of prime movers

A

Synergist

138
Q

These muscles oppose the action of a prime mover

A

Antagonist

139
Q

Cardiac striated muscle forms the muscular wall of the heart

A

Myocardium

140
Q

Rhythmic contractions are generated intrinsically by __________ composed of special cardiac muscle fibers

A

Pacemaker nodes

141
Q

Contractile stimuli are largely propagated ______ (from muscle fiber to muscle fiber) rather than by direct nerve stimulation

A

Myogenically

142
Q

Type of muscle named for the absence of microscopic striations, forms a large part of the middle coat or layer of the walls of most blood vessels and the muscular part of the wall of the digestive tract and ducts

A

Smooth muscle

143
Q

Process that propels the contents along smooth muscles under the control of the enteric nervous system

A

Peristalsis

144
Q

System that transports fluids throughout the body

A

Circulatory system

145
Q

The heart and blood vessels from the blood transportation network

A

Cardiovascular system

146
Q

Type of circulation in which the right heart propels low-oxygen blood returned to it into the lungs where CO2 is exchanged for O2

A

Pulmonary circulation

147
Q

Oxygen rich blood returned to the left heart is pumped to the remainder of the body exchanging oxygen and nutrients for CO2

A

Systemic circulation

148
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

149
Q

What are the three tunics of most vessels in the circulatory system (inner to outer most)

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media and tunica adventitia

150
Q

Type of vessel that carries blood away from the heart and distributes it to the body

A

Arteries

151
Q

What are the three types of arteries?

A

Large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries and small arteries (arterioles)

152
Q

This type of artery has many elastic layers in their walls; expand and contract to maintain blood pressure

A

Large elastic arteries

153
Q

This type of artery have walls that consist mainly of smooth muscle circularly arranged. Vasoconstriction/dilation to regulate flow in these regions

A

Medium muscular arteries

154
Q

This type of artery has a relatively narrow lumina and thick muscular walls

A

Small arteries/ arterioles

155
Q

This vessel returns poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from the capillary beds. Generally larger lumen

A

Veins

156
Q

What are the three types of veins?

A

Venules, medium veins and large veins

157
Q

Smallest vein

A

Venules

158
Q

These veins are found in limbs where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and other locomotion

A

Medium veins

159
Q

These types of veins are characterized by wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle and a well-developed tunica adventitia

A

Large veins

160
Q

Type of vessel with simple endothelial tubes connecting the arterial and venous sides of the circulation

A

Capillaries

161
Q

This permits blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w/o passing through capillaries

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)

162
Q

This system provides for the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream and for the removal of cellular debris and infection

A

Lymphatic system

163
Q

Network of small lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic plexuses

164
Q

These originate in the extracellular space of most tissues between the capillary bed

A

Lymphatic capillaries

165
Q

Nearly body-wide network of thin-walled vessels with abundant valves originating from lymphatic plexuses along with lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)

166
Q

Small masses of lymphatic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system

A

Lymph node

167
Q

Circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials

A

Lymphocytes

168
Q

Sites that produce lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid organs

169
Q

What side of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain and the thoracic duct?

A

Right lymphatic duct does the right head, neck, thorax and entire right upper abdomen. Thorax does the rest

170
Q

This system enables to body to react to continuous changes in the external and internal enviornments

A

Nervous system

171
Q

Structurally how is the nervous system divided

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

172
Q

Functionally how is the nervous system divided

A

Divided into the sensory and motor and further divided into the somatic (voluntary) and visceral (involuntary) motor system

173
Q

The structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication

A

Neurons

174
Q

What parts form a neuron

A

Cell body, dendrites and an axon

175
Q

Forms of layers of lipid and protein substances around axons to increase the velocity of impulse conductions

A

Myelin Sheath

176
Q

Space where neurons communicate with each other by releasing neurotransmitters

A

synapses

177
Q

These are approximately five times as abundant as neurons and are nonneuronal, nonexcitable cells that form a major component of nervous tissue

A

Neuroglia

178
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

179
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS is

A

Tract

180
Q

The nerve cell bodies lie within and constitute the

A

Gray matter

181
Q

The interconnecting fiber tract systems form

A

White matter

182
Q

What three membranous layers collectively constitute the meninges

A

pia matter, arachnoid matter and dura matter

183
Q

Consists of nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS that connect the CNS with peripheral structures

A

Peripheral nervous system

184
Q

What does a nerve fiber consist of

A

axon, neurolemma and endoneurium

185
Q

What three things protect and support peripheral nerves

A

Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

186
Q

Delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds the neurolemma cells and axons

A

Endoneurium

187
Q

A layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of peripheral nerve fibers providing an effective barrier against penetration of nerve fibers by foreign substances

A

Perineurium

188
Q

A thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles forming the outermost covering of the nerve; including fatty tissue blood vessels and lymphatics

A

Epineurium

189
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

190
Q

The unilateral area of skin innervated by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

191
Q

The unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve

A

Myotome

192
Q

These are in the autonomic nervous system and stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels and organs, modified cardiac muscles and glands

A

Visceral efferent fibers

193
Q

What are the names in which the autonomic nervous system is subdivided?

A

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division and parasympathetic Craniosacral division

194
Q

Understanding organ and tissue arrangement based on external findings

A

Surface Anatomy

195
Q

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue uniting bones of the skull. The irregular interlocking edges give added strength and prevent fracture. Synarthrosis

A

Sutures

196
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

197
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

Essential Clinical Anatomy (5 decks)

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