Overview and Basic Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
Based on the organization of the body into parts: head, neck, trunk and paired upper and lower extremities
A
Regional Anatomy
2
Q
Approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions
A
Systemic Anatomy
3
Q
Consists of the skin and its appendages such as the hair and nails
A
Integumentary system (Dermatology)
4
Q
Consists of bones and cartilage. Provides support for the body and protects vital organs
A
Skeletal System (osteology, orthopedics)
5
Q
Consists of joints and their associated ligaments. Sites at which movements occur
A
Articular System (arthrology)
6
Q
Consists of muscles that act to move or position parts of the body.
A
Muscular System (Myology)
7
Q
Consists of the central and peripheral nerves
A
Nervous System (Neurology)
8
Q
Consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems which function in parallel to distribute fluids within the body
A
Circulatory System (Angiology)
9
Q
Consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood through the body
A
Cardiovascular System (Cardiology)
10
Q
Consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid from the body’s interstitial fluid compartments, filters through the lymph nodes and returns it to the bloodstream
A
Lymphoid System
11
Q
Consists of the organs and glands associated wit the ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion and absorption of food and the elimination of feces after the nutrients have been absorbed
A
Digestive or Alimentary system (gastroenterology)
12
Q
Consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
A
Respiratory System (Pulmonology)
13
Q
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra which filter blood and subsequently produce transport, store and intermittently excrete liquid waste
A
Urinary system (Urology)
14
Q
Consists of the gonads that produce oocytes and sperms and the other genital organs concerned with reporduction
A
Reproductive System (Obstetrics and gynecology for females and Andrology for males)
15
Q
Consists of discrete ductless glands as well as cells of the intestine and blood vessel walls and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones. These glands influence metabolism and coordinate and regulate other processes
A
Endocrine system (endocrinology)
16
Q
Emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. Encompasses both regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application
A
Clinical (applied) anatomy
17
Q
The vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, diving it into right and left halves
A
Medial (medial sagittal) Plane
18
Q
Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
A
Sagittal Plane
19
Q
Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane dividing it into anterior and posterior portions
A
Frontal (coronal) Planes
20
Q
Planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes. Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
A
Transverse planes
21
Q
Planes or sections that do not align with preceding planes
A
Oblique planes or sections
22
Q
Nearer to the surface
A
Superficial
23
Q
Between a superficial and a deep structure
A
Intermediate
24
Q
Farther from the surfacw
A
Deep
25
Nearer to the median plane
Medial
26
Farther from the median plane
Lateral
27
Nearer to the head
Superior (cranial)
28
Nearer to feet
Inferior (caudal)
29
Nearer to back
Posterior (dorsal)
30
Nearer to front
Anterior (ventral)
31
Farther from trunk or point of origin
Distal
32
Nearer to trunk or point of origin
Proximal
33
Refers to the superior or back surface of any part that protrudes anterior from the body
Dorsum
34
Indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot
Sole (plantar surface)
35
Refers to the flat anterior aspect of the hand excluding the five digits
Palm (palmar surface)
36
Structures having right and left members
Bilateral
37
Structures occurring on one side only
Unilateral
38
Occurring on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
39
Occurring on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
40
bending of a part or decreasing the angle between body parts
Flexion
41
straightening a part or increasing the angle between body parts
Extension
42
Moving away from the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
Abduction
43
Moving toward the median plane of the body in the frontal plane
Adduction
44
circular motion of a joint where the proximal end is fixed, and the distal end is free to move in a circle
Circumduction
45
Backward movement of the mandible
Retrusion
46
Forward movement of the mandible
Protrusion
47
Backward bending and contracting of hand or foot
dorsiflexion
48
Movement of the foot in which the foot and toes flex downward to the sole
Plantarflexion
49
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Inversion
50
Turning the sole of the foot outward
Eversion
51
a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing anteriorly
Supination
52
a rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing posteriorly
Pronation
53
movement of a body part in a superior direction, or moving upward
Elevation
54
movement of a body part in an inferior direction, or moving downward
Depression
55
Largest organ in the body; best indicator of general health
Integumentary system (skin)
56
Skin serves the following functions:
Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D
57
Keratinized stratified epithelium with a tough outer surface composed of keratin. This layer is a tough protective outer surface that is continuously rubbed away. It is avascular.
Epidermis
58
Formed by a dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. Fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of the skin. Deep layer contains hair follicles with associated smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands
Dermis
59
Muscle that erects the hairs
Arrector muscle
60
Layer of skin composed of loose connective tissue and fat. Contains deepest parts of the sweat glands, the blood and lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves
Subcutaneous tissue
61
Dense, organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelops most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Deep fascia
62
Formed by the deep fascia that holds tendons in place during joint movement
Retinacula
63
Formed by the deep fascia prevent friction and enables structures to move freely over one another
Bursae
64
Consists of the bones of the head, neck and trunk
Axial skeleton
65
Consists of the bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Appendicular skeleton
66
Resilient, semirigid, avascular type of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is necessary. Avascular.
Cartilage
67
This type of cartilage is found near synovial joints to help provide smooth low-friction gliding surfaces for free movement of articulating bones
articular cartilage
68
What function do bones serve
Protection for vital structures, support for the body and its vital cavities, mechanical basis for movement, storage for salts, continuous supply of new blood cells
69
What are the two types of bones
compact bone and spongy bone
70
Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds the bone
Periosteum
71
Tissue surrounding cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage
Perichondrium
72
When bone sometimes forms in soft tissue where it is not normally present
heterotopic bone
73
Type of bone that is a tubular structure
Long bone
74
Type of bone that are cuboidal; found only in the ankle and wrist
Short bone
75
Type of bone that serve protective functions
Flat bone
76
Type of bone that have various shapes
Irregular bone
77
Type of bone that develop in certain tendons
Sesamoid bone
78
The Humerus is an example of a
Long bone
79
The Tarsus is an example of a
Short bone
80
Calvaria of crainum is an example of a
Flat bone
81
Bones of the face are an example of a
Irregular bone
82
The Patella is an example of a
Sesamoid bone
83
Rounded articular area of a bone
condyle
84
Ridge of a bone
Crest
85
eminence superior to a condyle
epicondyle
86
smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
Facet
87
passage through a bone
Foramen
88
Hollow or depressed area
Fossa
89
Linear elevation
line (linea)
90
rounded prominence
malleolus
91
indention at the edge of a bone
Notch
92
projecting spine-like part
process
93
projection of bone
protuberance
94
thorn-like process
spine
95
large blunt elevation
Trochanter
96
small raised eminence
Tubercle
97
Large rounded elevation
Tuberosity
98
What are the two processes in which bones develop and what is the difference?
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The difference is endochondral ossification starts with a cartilage model and then replaced by bone where as intramembranous forms bone directly
99
An articulation or the place of union or junction between two or more rigid components
Joint
100
What are the three types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
101
Type of joint that a bone unites with fibrous tissue
Fibrous joint
102
Type of fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue either ligament or fibrous membrane. Amphiarthrosis
Syndesmosis
103
Type of fibrous joint found in teeth. Peg-like process fits into a socket; Synarthrosis
Gomphosis
104
Example of syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane of the forearm
105
Example of Gomphosis
root of the tooth with alveolar process
106
Articulating bones are united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous joint
107
Primary cartilaginous joints that permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epiphysial plate converts to bone; Synarthrosis
Synchondroses
108
Secondary cartilaginous joints; binding of tissue in a fibrocartilaginous disk; amphiarthrosis
Symphysis
109
Type of joint where two bones are separated by the characteristic joint cavity but are joined by an articular capsule. Diarthroses.
Synovial joint
110
Name the six types of synovial joints
Pivot, Ball and socket, Condyloid, Saddle, Hinge and Plane
111
Type of synovial joint with a rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket permitting rotation
Pivot
112
Type of synovial joint with a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement in three planes
Ball and socket
113
Type of synovial joint that permits gliding and sliding movements
Plane
114
Type of synovial joint that permit flexion and extension only
Hinge
115
Type of synovial joint with saddle shaped head permit movement in tow different planes
Saddle
116
Type of synovial joint that permit flexion and extension abduction and adduction and circumduction
Condyloid
117
Example of a pivot joint
Alanto-axial joint
118
Example of a ball and socket joint
Hip joint
119
Example of a plane joint
Acromioclavicular joint
120
Example of Hinge joint
Elbow joint
121
Example of a saddle joint
Carpometacarpal joint
122
Example of a condyloid joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
123
Three types of muscle fibers
Skeletal striated muscle, cardiac striated muscle and smooth muscle
124
Three ways skeletal muscle can undergo contraction
Reflexive, Tonic and Phasic
125
Type of muscle contraction that is automatic and not voluntarily controlled muscle contraction
Reflexive contraction
126
Type of muscle contraction that produces a slight contraction that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives the muscle firmness, assisting the stability of joints
Tonic contraction
127
What are the two types of phasic contraction
Isometric and Isotonic contractions
128
Type of muscle contraction where the muscle length remains the same - no movement occurs but muscle tension is increased above tonic levels ex: Plank
Isometric contractions
129
Type of muscle contraction which the muscle changes length to produce movement
Isotonic contractions
130
What are the two types of Isotonic contractions and what is the difference?
Concentric and eccentric contractions. Concentric occurs with muscle shortening and eccentric occurs with controlled muscle lengthening
131
Structural unit of a muscle
Muscle fiber
132
Connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
133
Group of muscle fibers
Perimysium
134
The entire muscle is surrounded by
epimysium
135
The main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body
Prime mover/Agonist
136
These muscles stead the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occurring in distal parts
Fixators
137
These muscles complement the action of prime movers
Synergist
138
These muscles oppose the action of a prime mover
Antagonist
139
Cardiac striated muscle forms the muscular wall of the heart
Myocardium
140
Rhythmic contractions are generated intrinsically by __________ composed of special cardiac muscle fibers
Pacemaker nodes
141
Contractile stimuli are largely propagated ______ (from muscle fiber to muscle fiber) rather than by direct nerve stimulation
Myogenically
142
Type of muscle named for the absence of microscopic striations, forms a large part of the middle coat or layer of the walls of most blood vessels and the muscular part of the wall of the digestive tract and ducts
Smooth muscle
143
Process that propels the contents along smooth muscles under the control of the enteric nervous system
Peristalsis
144
System that transports fluids throughout the body
Circulatory system
145
The heart and blood vessels from the blood transportation network
Cardiovascular system
146
Type of circulation in which the right heart propels low-oxygen blood returned to it into the lungs where CO2 is exchanged for O2
Pulmonary circulation
147
Oxygen rich blood returned to the left heart is pumped to the remainder of the body exchanging oxygen and nutrients for CO2
Systemic circulation
148
What are the three types of blood vessels
Arteries, veins and capillaries
149
What are the three tunics of most vessels in the circulatory system (inner to outer most)
Tunica intima, Tunica media and tunica adventitia
150
Type of vessel that carries blood away from the heart and distributes it to the body
Arteries
151
What are the three types of arteries?
Large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries and small arteries (arterioles)
152
This type of artery has many elastic layers in their walls; expand and contract to maintain blood pressure
Large elastic arteries
153
This type of artery have walls that consist mainly of smooth muscle circularly arranged. Vasoconstriction/dilation to regulate flow in these regions
Medium muscular arteries
154
This type of artery has a relatively narrow lumina and thick muscular walls
Small arteries/ arterioles
155
This vessel returns poorly oxygenated blood to the heart from the capillary beds. Generally larger lumen
Veins
156
What are the three types of veins?
Venules, medium veins and large veins
157
Smallest vein
Venules
158
These veins are found in limbs where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity and other locomotion
Medium veins
159
These types of veins are characterized by wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle and a well-developed tunica adventitia
Large veins
160
Type of vessel with simple endothelial tubes connecting the arterial and venous sides of the circulation
Capillaries
161
This permits blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation w/o passing through capillaries
Arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)
162
This system provides for the drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the bloodstream and for the removal of cellular debris and infection
Lymphatic system
163
Network of small lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic plexuses
164
These originate in the extracellular space of most tissues between the capillary bed
Lymphatic capillaries
165
Nearly body-wide network of thin-walled vessels with abundant valves originating from lymphatic plexuses along with lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
166
Small masses of lymphatic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to the venous system
Lymph node
167
Circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
Lymphocytes
168
Sites that produce lymphocytes
Lymphoid organs
169
What side of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain and the thoracic duct?
Right lymphatic duct does the right head, neck, thorax and entire right upper abdomen. Thorax does the rest
170
This system enables to body to react to continuous changes in the external and internal enviornments
Nervous system
171
Structurally how is the nervous system divided
Central and peripheral nervous system
172
Functionally how is the nervous system divided
Divided into the sensory and motor and further divided into the somatic (voluntary) and visceral (involuntary) motor system
173
The structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication
Neurons
174
What parts form a neuron
Cell body, dendrites and an axon
175
Forms of layers of lipid and protein substances around axons to increase the velocity of impulse conductions
Myelin Sheath
176
Space where neurons communicate with each other by releasing neurotransmitters
synapses
177
These are approximately five times as abundant as neurons and are nonneuronal, nonexcitable cells that form a major component of nervous tissue
Neuroglia
178
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
Nucleus
179
A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS is
Tract
180
The nerve cell bodies lie within and constitute the
Gray matter
181
The interconnecting fiber tract systems form
White matter
182
What three membranous layers collectively constitute the meninges
pia matter, arachnoid matter and dura matter
183
Consists of nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS that connect the CNS with peripheral structures
Peripheral nervous system
184
What does a nerve fiber consist of
axon, neurolemma and endoneurium
185
What three things protect and support peripheral nerves
Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium
186
Delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds the neurolemma cells and axons
Endoneurium
187
A layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of peripheral nerve fibers providing an effective barrier against penetration of nerve fibers by foreign substances
Perineurium
188
A thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles forming the outermost covering of the nerve; including fatty tissue blood vessels and lymphatics
Epineurium
189
Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglion
190
The unilateral area of skin innervated by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
191
The unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the somatic motor fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
Myotome
192
These are in the autonomic nervous system and stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels and organs, modified cardiac muscles and glands
Visceral efferent fibers
193
What are the names in which the autonomic nervous system is subdivided?
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division and parasympathetic Craniosacral division
194
Understanding organ and tissue arrangement based on external findings
Surface Anatomy
195
Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue uniting bones of the skull. The irregular interlocking edges give added strength and prevent fracture. Synarthrosis
Sutures
196
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
197
How many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
