Head Flashcards
1
Q
Consists of the brain, its protective coverings and the ears and face
A
Head
2
Q
The skeleton of the head
A
Cranium
3
Q
In anatomical position the cranium is oriented so that the inferior margin of the orbit and the superior margin of the external acoustic meatus of both sides lie in the same horizontal plane
A
Orbitomeatal plane (Frankfort horizontal plane)
4
Q
Bony case of the brain and tis membranous covering, the cranial meninges. Also contains the proximal parts of the cranial nerves and the vasculature of the brain
A
Neurocranium
5
Q
Dome-like roof of the neurocranium
A
Calvaria (skullcap)
6
Q
Floor of the neurocranium
A
Cranial base
7
Q
How many bones make up the neurocranium and what are they?
A
Eight. Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, pair of temporal and pair of parietal
8
Q
Forms the anterior part of the cranium and consists of bones surrounding the mouth, nose and most of the orbits
A
Viscerocranium
9
Q
How many bones make up the viscerocranium and what are they?
A
Fifteen. Mandible, ethmoid, vomer pair of maxilla, pair of inferior nasal concha, pair of zygomatic, pair of palatine, pair of nasal and pair of lacrimal bones
10
Q
What bone forms the forehead
A
Frontal bone
11
Q
What bone forms the prominence of the cheeks
A
Zygomatic bones
12
Q
Anterior nasal opening of the cranium
A
Piriform aperture
13
Q
What bone forms the upper jaw
A
Maxillae
14
Q
“U” shaped bone forming the lower jaw
A
Mandible
15
Q
Horizontal portion of the Mandible
A
Body
16
Q
Vertical portion of the Mandible
A
Ramus
17
Q
Roughly “H” shaped formation of sutures that unite the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones
A
Pterion
18
Q
What 4 bones form the calvaria
A
Frontal bone, right and left parietal bone and occipital bone posteriorly
19
Q
This suture unites the frontal and parietal bones
A
Coronal suture
20
Q
This suture unites the right and left parietal bones
A
Sagittal suture
21
Q
This suture unites the occipital bone with the right and left parietal and temporal bones
A
Lamboid suture
22
Q
Landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures
A
Bregma
23
Q
The superiormost point of the cranium, near the midpoint of the sagittal suture
A
Vertex
24
Q
External aspect of the cranial base
A
Basicranium
25
What three large depressions lie in the cranial base?
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae
26
What are the layers of the scalp
S=Skin
C=Connective Tissue
A=Aponeurosis
L=Loose connective tissue
P=Pericranium
27
What are the layers of the cranial meninges?
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
28
The ____ mater is separated from the ___ mater by the subarachnoid space, which contains _____.
Arachnoid, pia, cerebrospinal fluid
29
What are the layers of dura mater?
Periosteal layer and meningeal layer
30
What are the four dural infoldings
Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae
31
The endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
Dural venous sinuses
32
Tufted prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater in to the dural venous sinuses and lateral venous lacunae. They transfer CSF to the venous system
Arachnoid granulations
33
Of the three meningeal spaces Dura-cranium interface, dura-arachnoid junction and subarachnoid space which ones exists as a space in the absence of pathology?
Subarachnoid space
The other two require trauma/blood in order to be present
34
The brain is composed of
Cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem
35
Folds
Gyri
36
Grooves
Sulci
37
Clefts
Fissures
38
What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
39
Composed of the epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Forms the central core of the brain
Diencephalon
40
Rostral part of the brainstem, lies at the junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossae CN III and IV
Midbrain
41
Part of the brainstem b/w the midbrain rostrally and the medulla oblongata caudally, lies in the anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa. CN V
Pons
42
Most caudal part of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord and les in the posterior cranial fossa. CN IX, X and XII
Medulla oblongata
43
Air-filled cavities found in some cranial and facial bones. They reduce weight of the skull and increase intensity of the voice
Paranasal Sinuses
44
Forms the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity and roofs of the orbits
Frontal bone
45
Form side walls and roof of cranium
Parietal
46
Forms back of the skull and base of cranium
Occipital
47
From side walls and floor of cranium
Temporal
48
Forms parts of base of cranium, sides of skull and floors and sides of orbits
Sphenoid
49
Forms parts of roof and walls of nasal cavity, floor of cranium and walls of orbits
Ethmoid
50
Form upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth, floors of orbits and sides and floor of nasal cavity
Maxilla
51
From posterior roof of mouth and floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
Palatine
52
From prominences of cheeks and lateral walls and floors of orbits
Zygomatic
53
Form part of medial walls of orbits
Lacrimal
54
Form bridge of nose
Nasal
55
Forms inferior portions of nasal septum
Volmer
56
Extend into the nasal cavity from its lateral walls
Inferior nasal conchia
57
Forms lower jaw
Mandible
58
Roof of neurocranium
Calvaria
59
Floor of neurocranium
Basicranium
60
Which bone contains the frontal sinuses
Frontal bone
61
Which suture joins the 2 parietal bones
Sagittal suture
62
Which suture joins parietal bones and frontal bones
Coronal suture
63
Which bone contains the foramen magnum
Occipital bone
64
Which suture forms a junction with occipital bone and parietal bones
Lambdoid suture
65
Helps with cheek prominence and zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
66
Leads to inner portions of ear
External acoustic meatus
67
This holds the pituitary gland
Sella turcica
68
Which bone contains the sphenoid sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
69
This contain openings for axons of olfactory neurons
Cribriform plates
70
Forms the main portion of nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
71
Support mucous membranes of nasal cavity
Superior and middle nasal conchae
72
Which bone contains the ethomoidal sinusees
Ethmoid bone
73
Membranes that enclose brain
Crista galli
74
Which sinus is most likely to be affected by sinusitis
Maxillary sinus
75
Name the sinuses
Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary
76
The suture between parietal bones
Sagittal suture
77
Suture between frontal and parietal bones
Coronal suture
78
Which suture is between occipital, temporal and parietal bones
Lambdoid suture
79
What bones are in the anterior cranial fossa
Frontal, Sphenoid and ethmoid bones
80
What portions of the brain are in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobes and olfactory bulbs and tracts
81
What bones are in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal and Sphenoid bone
82
What parts of the brain are in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobes and pituitary gland
83
What goes through the optic canal
Optic Nerve (CN II) and Ophthalmic artery
84
What goes through the superior orbital fissue
Oculomotor n (CN III), Trochlear n ( CN IV), Ophthalmic n. (CN V1), Abducent N (CN VI) and Ophthalmic veins
85
What goes through the foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
86
What goes through the foramen Ovale
Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
87
What goes through the foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery and vein
88
What goes through the Foramen lacerum
Internal carotid artery
89
What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital bone
90
What part of the brain makes up the posterior cranial fossa?
Brainstem and cerebellum
91
What goes through the internal acoustic meatus
Facial nerve (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerve ( CN VIII)
92
What goes through the jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Vagus N (CN X), Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and internal jugular vein
93
What goes through the hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
94
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla and meninges, Spinal root CN XI and vertebral arteries
95
What happens if incomplete fusion of the palatine processes during fetal development?
Cleft palate
96
What is the largest sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
97
This bone is located behind the maxillae and make up the floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
Palatine bones
98
This bone forms the upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth, floors of eye orbits and sides and floors of nasal cavity
Maxillae
99
This bone forms the prominences of cheeks, lateral walls and floors of orbits
Zygomatic bones
100
This bone forms the medial walls of orbits, contain groove leading from orbit to nasal cavity for tears
Lacrimal bones
101
This bone forms the bridge of the nose,
Nasal bone
102
This bone is along the midline of the nasal cavity, forms inferior portion of nasal septum
Vomer bone
103
Scroll shaped bone, extend inward from lateral walls of nasal cavity, support mucous membranes of nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
104
This is the lower jaw bone
Mandible
105
What holds the teeth in place
Alveolar process
106
Admits blood vessels and nerves for lower teeth
Mandibular foramen
107
Allows blood vessels and nerves to emerge in the chin area
Mental foramen
108
What is the outermost layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? It is tough, dense connective tissue.
Dura Mater
109
What is the middle layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? This layer is web-like and contains CSF.
Arachnoid mater
110
What is the inner most layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? This contains blood vessels and nerves.
Pia Mater
111
What are the layers of the dura mater?
External periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer
112
These are involved in the transfer of CSF to the venous system
Cranial Arachnoid Mater
113
Secreted by the choroid plexuses, nutritive and protective of CNS neurons, maintain stable ionic concentrations in the CNS
Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF
114
Connective tissue that connects the arachnoid mater to the pia mater; helps keep brain suspended in place
Arachnoid Trabeculae
115
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
116
This is an extension of the dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebri
117
What two halves of the brain are separated by the falx cerebri
Cerebral hemispheres
118
What connects the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
119
Ridges of the brain
Gyrus (Gyri)
120
Shallow grooves in surface
Sulci (sulcus)
121
Deep grooves
Fissures
122
This fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
123
This fissure separates cerebrum from cerbellum
Transverse fissure
124
Where does the Falx cerebri extend to
Frontal crest, crista gali, occipital bone
125
Posterior clinoid processes/sphenoid bone, petrous ridge/temporal bone, occipital and part of parietal bones
Tentorium cerebelli
125
Posterior clinoid processes/sphenoid bone, petrous ridge/temporal bone, occipital and part of parietal bones
Tentorium cerebelli
126
Connects homologous/heterologous area of hemispheres
Corpus Callosum (white matter)
127
What are the major portions of the adult brain?
Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem
128
What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe and the insula (Island of Reil)
129
This lobe is in the front of the brain and extends back to central sulcus. Separated inferiorly and laterally by the lateral sulcus
Frontal lobe
130
This lobe is bound anteriorly by the central sulcus
Parietal lobes
131
This part of the brain is responsible for higher mental functions
Cerebral cortex
132
What three areas can the cerebral cortex be divided into?
Sensory, association, motor areas (Some overlap exisits)
133
This sensory area is responsible for speech. It is located in the temporal and parietal lobe on the left hemisphere
Wernicke's area
134
Where is the primary visual cortex located
Occipital lobe along the calcarine fissure
135
Where is the primary auditory cortex located
On the surface of each temporal lobe buried within the lateral sulcus occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42
136
If there is a lesion in Wernicke's area what happens?
The patient will speak with regular rhythm and grammar but the words don't make sense. The patient does not realize they're saying nonsense. Can also cause problems with reading and writing
137
This area in the left hemisphere is used to control muscles needed for speech
Broca's area
138
This lies in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe it controls movement on the opposite side of the body
Primary motor cortex
139
This lies in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Involved in sensation for opposite side of the body
Primary somatosensory cortex
140
Like the spinal cord,___ areas lie anterior to ____.
Motor, sensory
141
Lesion in Broca's area result in
The patient knowing what they want to say but are unable to produce the words or sentence
142
This lobe is an association area to carry on higher intellectual process for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving and judging the consequences of behavior. The motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles
Frontal lobe
143
Sensory areas provide sensation of temperature, touch, pressure and pain involving the skin. Association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings
Parietal lobes
144
Sensory areas are responsible for hearing. Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music and other complex sensory patterns.
Temporal lobes
145
Sensory areas are responsible for vision. Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences
Occipital lobes
146
The region of embryonic vertebrate neural tube b/w cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem, composed of gray matter
Diencephalon
147
The thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasm, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies and pineal gland make up this
Diencephalon
148
Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex, receives all sensory impulses (except for smell) channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
Thalamus
149
Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities such as HR, BP, temperature, water & electrolyte balance, hunger, body weight, movement and glandular secretion in digestive tract, sleep and wakefulness, pituitary gland function. Links nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
150
Consists of several structures in various parts of brain, controls emotional responses/feeling/behavior oriented toward survival, reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets
Limbic system
151
Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brainstem
Reticular activating system
152
Current studies are undergoing if the reticular activating system is damaged than patients are
Less likely to awaken in comas
153
This connects the brain to the spinal cord
Brainstem
154
The brainstem is made up of
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
155
This is a short section of the brainstem, lies between diencephalon and pons. Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain
Midbrain
156
What are the 4 parts of the midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, Corpora quadrigemina, red nucleus
157
This connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
158
Main motor pathways that connect cerebrum to lower portions of nervous system
Cerebral peduncles
159
Centers for visual and auditory reflexes
Corpora quadrigemina
160
Role in postural reflexes
Red nucleus
161
Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem. Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and helps regulate rhythm of breathing. Lies b/w midbrain and medulla oblongata.
Pons
162
Enlarged continuation of spinal cord. Conducts ascending and descending impulses b/w brain and spinal cord. Contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers. Injuries hear are often fatal
Medulla oblongata
163
Inferior to occipital lobes. Dorsal to pons and medulla oblongata. Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts. Coordinates skeletal muscle activity. Maintains posture
Cerebellum
164
This structure is divided by the falx cerebelli
Cerebellum
165
This connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Vermis
166
Gray matter of the cerebellum
Cerebellar cortex
167
White matter of the cerebellum
Arbor vitae
168
Largest part of the brain two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
Cerebrum
169
Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Serve as relay stations for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex and passing into the brainstem and spinal cord. Facilitate and help coordinate voluntary movements
Basal nuclei
170
Includes masses of gray matter (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Diencephalon
171
Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
Brainstem
172
Contains masses of gray matter and bundles of nerve fibers that join the spinal cord to higher regions of the brain. Contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head; maintain posture
Midbrain
173
A bulge of the underside of the brainstem that contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers. Relays impulses b/w the medulla oblongata and cerebrum; helps regulate rate and depth of breathing
Pons
174
Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that extends from the foramen magnum to the pons and contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers. Conducts ascending and descending impulses b/w the brain and spinal cord; contains cardiac vasomotor and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers
Medulla oblongata
175
A large mass of tissue inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem including two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis. Communicates w/ other parts of the CNS by tracts integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintain posture
Cerebellum
176
What is the system which supplies blood to the brain? It is formed by merging of the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery
Circle of willis
177
This is formed by two vertebral arteries uniting inside the cranial cavity
Basilar artery
178
The anterior communicating artery communicates with
Anterior cerebral artery
179
The posterior communicating artery communicates with the
posterior cerebral
180
All veins ultimately drain to the ________
Internal jugular veins
