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Essential Clinical Anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the brain, its protective coverings and the ears and face

A

Head

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2
Q

The skeleton of the head

A

Cranium

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3
Q

In anatomical position the cranium is oriented so that the inferior margin of the orbit and the superior margin of the external acoustic meatus of both sides lie in the same horizontal plane

A

Orbitomeatal plane (Frankfort horizontal plane)

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4
Q

Bony case of the brain and tis membranous covering, the cranial meninges. Also contains the proximal parts of the cranial nerves and the vasculature of the brain

A

Neurocranium

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5
Q

Dome-like roof of the neurocranium

A

Calvaria (skullcap)

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6
Q

Floor of the neurocranium

A

Cranial base

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7
Q

How many bones make up the neurocranium and what are they?

A

Eight. Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, pair of temporal and pair of parietal

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8
Q

Forms the anterior part of the cranium and consists of bones surrounding the mouth, nose and most of the orbits

A

Viscerocranium

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9
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium and what are they?

A

Fifteen. Mandible, ethmoid, vomer pair of maxilla, pair of inferior nasal concha, pair of zygomatic, pair of palatine, pair of nasal and pair of lacrimal bones

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10
Q

What bone forms the forehead

A

Frontal bone

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11
Q

What bone forms the prominence of the cheeks

A

Zygomatic bones

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12
Q

Anterior nasal opening of the cranium

A

Piriform aperture

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13
Q

What bone forms the upper jaw

A

Maxillae

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14
Q

“U” shaped bone forming the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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15
Q

Horizontal portion of the Mandible

A

Body

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16
Q

Vertical portion of the Mandible

A

Ramus

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17
Q

Roughly “H” shaped formation of sutures that unite the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones

A

Pterion

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18
Q

What 4 bones form the calvaria

A

Frontal bone, right and left parietal bone and occipital bone posteriorly

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19
Q

This suture unites the frontal and parietal bones

A

Coronal suture

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20
Q

This suture unites the right and left parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

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21
Q

This suture unites the occipital bone with the right and left parietal and temporal bones

A

Lamboid suture

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22
Q

Landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures

A

Bregma

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23
Q

The superiormost point of the cranium, near the midpoint of the sagittal suture

A

Vertex

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24
Q

External aspect of the cranial base

A

Basicranium

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25
Q

What three large depressions lie in the cranial base?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

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26
Q

What are the layers of the scalp

A

S=Skin
C=Connective Tissue
A=Aponeurosis
L=Loose connective tissue
P=Pericranium

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27
Q

What are the layers of the cranial meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

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28
Q

The ____ mater is separated from the ___ mater by the subarachnoid space, which contains _____.

A

Arachnoid, pia, cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

What are the layers of dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer

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30
Q

What are the four dural infoldings

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli and diaphragma sellae

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31
Q

The endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

A

Dural venous sinuses

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32
Q

Tufted prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater in to the dural venous sinuses and lateral venous lacunae. They transfer CSF to the venous system

A

Arachnoid granulations

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33
Q

Of the three meningeal spaces Dura-cranium interface, dura-arachnoid junction and subarachnoid space which ones exists as a space in the absence of pathology?

A

Subarachnoid space
The other two require trauma/blood in order to be present

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34
Q

The brain is composed of

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem

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35
Q

Folds

A

Gyri

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36
Q

Grooves

A

Sulci

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37
Q

Clefts

A

Fissures

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38
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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39
Q

Composed of the epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Forms the central core of the brain

A

Diencephalon

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40
Q

Rostral part of the brainstem, lies at the junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossae CN III and IV

A

Midbrain

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41
Q

Part of the brainstem b/w the midbrain rostrally and the medulla oblongata caudally, lies in the anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa. CN V

A

Pons

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42
Q

Most caudal part of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord and les in the posterior cranial fossa. CN IX, X and XII

A

Medulla oblongata

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43
Q

Air-filled cavities found in some cranial and facial bones. They reduce weight of the skull and increase intensity of the voice

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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44
Q

Forms the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity and roofs of the orbits

A

Frontal bone

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45
Q

Form side walls and roof of cranium

A

Parietal

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46
Q

Forms back of the skull and base of cranium

A

Occipital

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47
Q

From side walls and floor of cranium

A

Temporal

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48
Q

Forms parts of base of cranium, sides of skull and floors and sides of orbits

A

Sphenoid

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49
Q

Forms parts of roof and walls of nasal cavity, floor of cranium and walls of orbits

A

Ethmoid

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50
Q

Form upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth, floors of orbits and sides and floor of nasal cavity

A

Maxilla

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51
Q

From posterior roof of mouth and floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

Palatine

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52
Q

From prominences of cheeks and lateral walls and floors of orbits

A

Zygomatic

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53
Q

Form part of medial walls of orbits

A

Lacrimal

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54
Q

Form bridge of nose

A

Nasal

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55
Q

Forms inferior portions of nasal septum

A

Volmer

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56
Q

Extend into the nasal cavity from its lateral walls

A

Inferior nasal conchia

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57
Q

Forms lower jaw

A

Mandible

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58
Q

Roof of neurocranium

A

Calvaria

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59
Q

Floor of neurocranium

A

Basicranium

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60
Q

Which bone contains the frontal sinuses

A

Frontal bone

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61
Q

Which suture joins the 2 parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

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62
Q

Which suture joins parietal bones and frontal bones

A

Coronal suture

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63
Q

Which bone contains the foramen magnum

A

Occipital bone

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64
Q

Which suture forms a junction with occipital bone and parietal bones

A

Lambdoid suture

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65
Q

Helps with cheek prominence and zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic process

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66
Q

Leads to inner portions of ear

A

External acoustic meatus

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67
Q

This holds the pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica

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68
Q

Which bone contains the sphenoid sinuses

A

Sphenoid sinuses

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69
Q

This contain openings for axons of olfactory neurons

A

Cribriform plates

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70
Q

Forms the main portion of nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate

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71
Q

Support mucous membranes of nasal cavity

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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72
Q

Which bone contains the ethomoidal sinusees

A

Ethmoid bone

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73
Q

Membranes that enclose brain

A

Crista galli

74
Q

Which sinus is most likely to be affected by sinusitis

A

Maxillary sinus

75
Q

Name the sinuses

A

Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary

76
Q

The suture between parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

77
Q

Suture between frontal and parietal bones

A

Coronal suture

78
Q

Which suture is between occipital, temporal and parietal bones

A

Lambdoid suture

79
Q

What bones are in the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal, Sphenoid and ethmoid bones

80
Q

What portions of the brain are in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobes and olfactory bulbs and tracts

81
Q

What bones are in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal and Sphenoid bone

82
Q

What parts of the brain are in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes and pituitary gland

83
Q

What goes through the optic canal

A

Optic Nerve (CN II) and Ophthalmic artery

84
Q

What goes through the superior orbital fissue

A

Oculomotor n (CN III), Trochlear n ( CN IV), Ophthalmic n. (CN V1), Abducent N (CN VI) and Ophthalmic veins

85
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

86
Q

What goes through the foramen Ovale

A

Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

87
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

88
Q

What goes through the Foramen lacerum

A

Internal carotid artery

89
Q

What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital bone

90
Q

What part of the brain makes up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Brainstem and cerebellum

91
Q

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial nerve (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerve ( CN VIII)

92
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Vagus N (CN X), Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and internal jugular vein

93
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

94
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla and meninges, Spinal root CN XI and vertebral arteries

95
Q

What happens if incomplete fusion of the palatine processes during fetal development?

A

Cleft palate

96
Q

What is the largest sinuses

A

Maxillary sinuses

97
Q

This bone is located behind the maxillae and make up the floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

Palatine bones

98
Q

This bone forms the upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth, floors of eye orbits and sides and floors of nasal cavity

A

Maxillae

99
Q

This bone forms the prominences of cheeks, lateral walls and floors of orbits

A

Zygomatic bones

100
Q

This bone forms the medial walls of orbits, contain groove leading from orbit to nasal cavity for tears

A

Lacrimal bones

101
Q

This bone forms the bridge of the nose,

A

Nasal bone

102
Q

This bone is along the midline of the nasal cavity, forms inferior portion of nasal septum

A

Vomer bone

103
Q

Scroll shaped bone, extend inward from lateral walls of nasal cavity, support mucous membranes of nasal cavity

A

Inferior nasal conchae

104
Q

This is the lower jaw bone

A

Mandible

105
Q

What holds the teeth in place

A

Alveolar process

106
Q

Admits blood vessels and nerves for lower teeth

A

Mandibular foramen

107
Q

Allows blood vessels and nerves to emerge in the chin area

A

Mental foramen

108
Q

What is the outermost layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? It is tough, dense connective tissue.

A

Dura Mater

109
Q

What is the middle layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? This layer is web-like and contains CSF.

A

Arachnoid mater

110
Q

What is the inner most layer of the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord? This contains blood vessels and nerves.

A

Pia Mater

111
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater?

A

External periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer

112
Q

These are involved in the transfer of CSF to the venous system

A

Cranial Arachnoid Mater

113
Q

Secreted by the choroid plexuses, nutritive and protective of CNS neurons, maintain stable ionic concentrations in the CNS

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF

114
Q

Connective tissue that connects the arachnoid mater to the pia mater; helps keep brain suspended in place

A

Arachnoid Trabeculae

115
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

116
Q

This is an extension of the dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebri

117
Q

What two halves of the brain are separated by the falx cerebri

A

Cerebral hemispheres

118
Q

What connects the cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

119
Q

Ridges of the brain

A

Gyrus (Gyri)

120
Q

Shallow grooves in surface

A

Sulci (sulcus)

121
Q

Deep grooves

A

Fissures

122
Q

This fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

123
Q

This fissure separates cerebrum from cerbellum

A

Transverse fissure

124
Q

Where does the Falx cerebri extend to

A

Frontal crest, crista gali, occipital bone

125
Q

Posterior clinoid processes/sphenoid bone, petrous ridge/temporal bone, occipital and part of parietal bones

A

Tentorium cerebelli

125
Q

Posterior clinoid processes/sphenoid bone, petrous ridge/temporal bone, occipital and part of parietal bones

A

Tentorium cerebelli

126
Q

Connects homologous/heterologous area of hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum (white matter)

127
Q

What are the major portions of the adult brain?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

128
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe and the insula (Island of Reil)

129
Q

This lobe is in the front of the brain and extends back to central sulcus. Separated inferiorly and laterally by the lateral sulcus

A

Frontal lobe

130
Q

This lobe is bound anteriorly by the central sulcus

A

Parietal lobes

131
Q

This part of the brain is responsible for higher mental functions

A

Cerebral cortex

132
Q

What three areas can the cerebral cortex be divided into?

A

Sensory, association, motor areas (Some overlap exisits)

133
Q

This sensory area is responsible for speech. It is located in the temporal and parietal lobe on the left hemisphere

A

Wernicke’s area

134
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located

A

Occipital lobe along the calcarine fissure

135
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located

A

On the surface of each temporal lobe buried within the lateral sulcus occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42

136
Q

If there is a lesion in Wernicke’s area what happens?

A

The patient will speak with regular rhythm and grammar but the words don’t make sense. The patient does not realize they’re saying nonsense. Can also cause problems with reading and writing

137
Q

This area in the left hemisphere is used to control muscles needed for speech

A

Broca’s area

138
Q

This lies in precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe it controls movement on the opposite side of the body

A

Primary motor cortex

139
Q

This lies in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Involved in sensation for opposite side of the body

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

140
Q

Like the spinal cord,___ areas lie anterior to ____.

A

Motor, sensory

141
Q

Lesion in Broca’s area result in

A

The patient knowing what they want to say but are unable to produce the words or sentence

142
Q

This lobe is an association area to carry on higher intellectual process for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving and judging the consequences of behavior. The motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

A

Frontal lobe

143
Q

Sensory areas provide sensation of temperature, touch, pressure and pain involving the skin. Association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings

A

Parietal lobes

144
Q

Sensory areas are responsible for hearing. Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music and other complex sensory patterns.

A

Temporal lobes

145
Q

Sensory areas are responsible for vision. Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences

A

Occipital lobes

146
Q

The region of embryonic vertebrate neural tube b/w cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem, composed of gray matter

A

Diencephalon

147
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasm, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies and pineal gland make up this

A

Diencephalon

148
Q

Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex, receives all sensory impulses (except for smell) channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation

A

Thalamus

149
Q

Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities such as HR, BP, temperature, water & electrolyte balance, hunger, body weight, movement and glandular secretion in digestive tract, sleep and wakefulness, pituitary gland function. Links nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

150
Q

Consists of several structures in various parts of brain, controls emotional responses/feeling/behavior oriented toward survival, reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets

A

Limbic system

151
Q

Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brainstem

A

Reticular activating system

152
Q

Current studies are undergoing if the reticular activating system is damaged than patients are

A

Less likely to awaken in comas

153
Q

This connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

154
Q

The brainstem is made up of

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

155
Q

This is a short section of the brainstem, lies between diencephalon and pons. Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain

A

Midbrain

156
Q

What are the 4 parts of the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, Corpora quadrigemina, red nucleus

157
Q

This connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

158
Q

Main motor pathways that connect cerebrum to lower portions of nervous system

A

Cerebral peduncles

159
Q

Centers for visual and auditory reflexes

A

Corpora quadrigemina

160
Q

Role in postural reflexes

A

Red nucleus

161
Q

Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem. Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and helps regulate rhythm of breathing. Lies b/w midbrain and medulla oblongata.

A

Pons

162
Q

Enlarged continuation of spinal cord. Conducts ascending and descending impulses b/w brain and spinal cord. Contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers. Injuries hear are often fatal

A

Medulla oblongata

163
Q

Inferior to occipital lobes. Dorsal to pons and medulla oblongata. Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts. Coordinates skeletal muscle activity. Maintains posture

A

Cerebellum

164
Q

This structure is divided by the falx cerebelli

A

Cerebellum

165
Q

This connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

166
Q

Gray matter of the cerebellum

A

Cerebellar cortex

167
Q

White matter of the cerebellum

A

Arbor vitae

168
Q

Largest part of the brain two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

A

Cerebrum

169
Q

Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Serve as relay stations for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex and passing into the brainstem and spinal cord. Facilitate and help coordinate voluntary movements

A

Basal nuclei

170
Q

Includes masses of gray matter (thalamus and hypothalamus)

A

Diencephalon

171
Q

Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

172
Q

Contains masses of gray matter and bundles of nerve fibers that join the spinal cord to higher regions of the brain. Contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head; maintain posture

A

Midbrain

173
Q

A bulge of the underside of the brainstem that contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers. Relays impulses b/w the medulla oblongata and cerebrum; helps regulate rate and depth of breathing

A

Pons

174
Q

Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that extends from the foramen magnum to the pons and contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers. Conducts ascending and descending impulses b/w the brain and spinal cord; contains cardiac vasomotor and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers

A

Medulla oblongata

175
Q

A large mass of tissue inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem including two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis. Communicates w/ other parts of the CNS by tracts integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintain posture

A

Cerebellum

176
Q

What is the system which supplies blood to the brain? It is formed by merging of the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

A

Circle of willis

177
Q

This is formed by two vertebral arteries uniting inside the cranial cavity

A

Basilar artery

178
Q

The anterior communicating artery communicates with

A

Anterior cerebral artery

179
Q

The posterior communicating artery communicates with the

A

posterior cerebral

180
Q

All veins ultimately drain to the ________

A

Internal jugular veins

Essential Clinical Anatomy (5 decks)

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