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Overview Flashcards

1
Q

When do girls and boys on average enter puberty?

A

Girls - 11 years old

Boys - 6 months later

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2
Q

Name two gonadotrophins

A

LH

FSH

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3
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates testosterone secretion from Leydig cells

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4
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis by acting on sertoli cells

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5
Q

What is the function of dihydrotestosterone?

A

Enlargement of male sex organs
Secondary sexual characteristics
Anabolism

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6
Q

Describe true precocious puberty

A

<8 years old in girls

<9 years old in boys

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7
Q

Define puberty delay

A

Absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or boy aged 14

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8
Q

What scoring system measures sexual characteristic?

A

Tanner

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes in children?

A

Polyuria, nocturnal enuresis, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue

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10
Q

What is a risk of fluid resus in kids with diabetes?

A

Cerebral oedema

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11
Q

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

21 OH enzyme deficiency

  • Absent cortisol and aldosterone
  • increased androgens
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12
Q

How does CAH present?

A

Addison Crisis

Virilisation

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13
Q

Describe an addison crisis how is it managed?

A

Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Hypotension
Urgent salt and cortisol

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14
Q

How does increased testosterone present?

A

Female - ambiguous genitalia

Male - precocious puberty

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15
Q

What are the key anatomical differences between kids and adults?

A 
Large head, prominent occiput 
Large surface area compared to volume
High anterior larynx/floppy epiglottis 
More flexible ribs 
Blood volume 80mls/kg
HbF
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16
Q

Name the signs of respiratory distress in kids

A 
Prominent inspiratory and expiratory stridor 
Marked intercostal recession 
Significant distress/agitation 
Lethargy 
Restlessness
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17
Q

What causes bronchiolitis?

A

Viral - RSV, parvovirus, adenovirus

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18
Q

How does bronchiolitis present?

A

Cough, wheeze, fever

LRTI

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19
Q

How is bronchiolitis treated?

A

Supportive

Bronchodilators don’t work

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20
Q

What causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza virues

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21
Q

Where does croup affect?

A

Larygotrachobronchitis

Epiglottis

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22
Q

How does croup present?

A

URTI

Barking ‘seal’ cough

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23
Q

How is croup treated?

A

Steroids - dexamethasone

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24
Q

What is the classic X-ray sign of croup?

A

Steeple/wine bottle - tapering of the upper trachea

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25
Q

What should be given to kids with viral meningitis?

A

Steroids - prevent hearing loss

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26
Q

What is a classic sign of measles?

A

Koplik spots - white specs found in the mouth

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27
Q

6 week old baby with visible peristalsis, non -bilous vomiting

A

Pyloric stenosis

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28
Q

How is pyloric stenosis treated?

A

Incision into the sphincter

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29
Q

6 month old with green vomit, sausage mass on stomach with red current stool

A

Intussusception

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30
Q

How does intussusception look on US?

A

Target lesion - coiling of bowel folding in on itself

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31
Q

How is intussectpion treated?

A

Tube up back passage and inflation - air reduction

32
Q

Bile like mossy green vomit

A

Malrotation with volvulus

33
Q

Describe malrotation with volvulus

A

SMA obstruction and ischaemia as gut twists on itself

34
Q

What disease is associated with meconium ileus?

35
Q

What is the most common cause of an acute scrotum?

A

Hydatid of Morgagni

36
Q

What causes hydatid of morgagni?

A

Persistent mullein duct

37
Q

Describe hydatid of morgagni

A

Blue dot on testicle - firm bead that can become necrotic

38
Q

How long do you have to save a testicle that has torted?

39
Q

Describe idiopathic scrotal oedema

A

Itchy red scrotum treated with analgesia and anti-histamines

40
Q

What is BXO?

A

Lichen sclerosis in boys aged 9/10

41
Q

How can phimosis be managed?

A

Dab urine, stretch under bath, steroid cream - if it looks scarred surgery can be done

42
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Retracted irreplaceable foreskin

43
Q

How do you treat paraphimosis?

A

Ice
Squeeze
Surgery - circumcision

44
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urethra on underside of penis

45
Q

What causes hydrocele?

A

Patent tunica vaginalis

46
Q

Describe hydrocele

A

Transiluminates, oedema comes and goes tend to drain at night and then fill up

47
Q

What are the key risks of undescended testes?

A

Testicular cancer

Infertility

48
Q

Bag of worms

A

Varicocele

49
Q

Which side is varicocele most common on?

A

Left - obstruction of renal vein

50
Q

Describe febrile seizures

A

Fever induced tonic clonic
>5 mins - buccal midazolam
Small increased risk of epilepsy

51
Q

What are the components of APGAR?

A 
Activity 
Pulse 
Grimace 
Appearance 
Respiration
52
Q

What are the three symptoms of ADHD?

A

Impulsivity
Hyperactivity
Inattentive

53
Q

Name three main chromosome abnormalities screened for antenatally

A

Downs - 21
Patau - 13
Edward - 18

54
Q

What is the autism triad?

A

Language
Repetitive behaviour
Communication

55
Q

What is small/large for gestational age?

A

SGA <10th centile

LGA >90th centile

56
Q

How can low birthweight be described?

A

LBW - <2.5kg
VLBW <1.5kg
ELBW <1kg

57
Q

Describe TTN

A

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
Often seen with C section due to left over amniotic fluid
Self-limiting but observe in NICU

58
Q

Describe RDS

A

Preterm babies <28 weeks in particular
Surfactant deficiency produced by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
Treat with maternal steroids

59
Q

What is a serious neonatal infection?

A

Necrotising enterocolitis

60
Q

Describe NEC

A

GI tract - bile in vomit, bloating and bloody stools can lead to necrosis and perforation
Rest bowels and antibiotics

61
Q

Name the features of a innocent paeds murmur

A

Soft systolic
Left sternal edge
No radiation

62
Q

Name six congenital heart diseases

A 
Coarction of aorta 
Atrial septal defect 
Ventricular septal defect 
AVSD
Transposition of great arteries 
Tetralogy of Fallot
63
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
RVH
Overriding aorta

64
Q

Describe androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

XY
X linked recessive condition in androgen receptor causing testosterone insensitivity in end organs
Female phenotype no uterus

65
Q

Describe 5 alpha reductase deficiency

A

46 XY autosomal recessive condition leading to inability to covert testosterone to DHT
Ambiguous

66
Q

What are red flags for developmental delay?

A 
Asymmetry of movement 
Loss of skills 
No speech by 18 months 
Not walking by 18 months 
Parental concerns of hearing/vision
67
Q

How does cerebral palsy present?

A

Increased spasticity
Hemiplegic, paraplegic, quadriplegic
Often global delay

68
Q

How is CF inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive - CFTR gene in epithelial cells leading to sticky, thick mucus

69
Q

How does Klienfelters present?

A

XXY

Weak muscles, less body hair, small genitals, breast growth, less sex interest

70
Q

What is the genotype of turners?

A

45X - missing X chromosome

71
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella Pertussis

72
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder?

A

Difficulty forming lasting relationships

  • inhibited
  • disinhibited
73
Q

Describe inhibited RAD

A

Continually fail to initiate and respond to social interactions - met with resistance and avoidance

74
Q

Describe disinhibited RAD

A

Inability to display appropriate selective attachments - overfamiliar child

75
Q

Describe conduct disorder

A

Repetitive, persistent violation of rules

Aggression, destruction of property, deceitful

Child Health (12 decks)

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