Overview Flashcards
Explanations of formation
Socio-biological and rewards/needs
Socio-Biological explanation
Evolutionary, best way to survive
Rewards/needs
Behaviourist, operant and classical conditioning
Explanations of maintenance
SET, Equity
SET
effect of costs and rewards, want to maximise profit
Equity
motivated to achieve fairness, maintnernace occurs from balance and stability
Explanations of Breakdown
Duck, Lee
Ducks model
stage theory
Intrapsycic, dyadic, social and grave dressing
Lees model
dissatisfaction, exposure, negotiation, resolution and termination
Relationship between sexual selection and reproductive behaviour
Sexually selected traits increase reproducrtive success, gender differences, inter and intra sexual selection
Sex differences in parental investment
investment increases chance of survival, females invest most but guaranteed maternity
Parent offspring conflict
children desire more investment than parents are selected to provide as have to allocate it to all offspring
Effects of early experience on adult relationships
Attachment styles, peers, culture
Attachment styles
secure attachment more likely to have stable satisfying relationships and insecure avoidant more likely to have trust problems
Interactions with peers
help develop social skills, from friendship groups individulas form relationships
Cultural influence
western choose on romantic attraction, other cultures have arranged marriage, collectivist and individualistic cultures, urban populations have more chances of meeting people
Factors influencing attitudes to food
mood, cultural influences and health concerns
Mood
stress can affect what we eat, mood often affects what type of food we eat
Cultural influences
different practices, traditions, special days and restrict certain foods. Transmitted to group by reinforcement and social learning
Health concerns
desire to avoid unhealthy foods, education is key and healthy foods have to be acessible
Restraint theory
cognitive boundary on foos often leads to episodes of overeating
Other explanation
unsustainable targets, concentration and ghrelin
Success of dieting
usually a combination, incentives and motivation, weight watchers and SLT
Biological explanations of eating behaviour
Neural mechanisms, hormones and set point theory
Neural Mechanisms
LH is hunger centre, VMH is satiety centre
glucose low- liver- LH- hunger- eating- glucose- VMH- satiety
Hormones
fat hormone leptin signals hypothalamus that calorific storage is high, so when levels low it gives rise to hunger
Set point theory
Everyone has own metabolic rate based on calorie consumption
Evolutionary explanations for food preference
sweet, salty, bitter and meat
Sweet preferences
preference is widespread, high energy and non toxic
Salty food preferences
necessary for body to function, keeps body hydrated
Explanations of obesity
Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Genetic, Neurological and Evolutionary
Psychodynamic
unresolved conflicts during development through psychosexual stages, overindulgence during oral stage
Behaviourist
food associated to natural pleasure(CC), used to reinforce desirable behaviour(OC), role models(SLT)
Genetic
inherited basis to obesity
Neurological
faulty functioning hypothalamus could lead to obesity as if VMH doesn’t work there’s no satiety response
Evolutionary
selective favour for those who could find food, no its readily available but our genes still favour this, foods not part of the past, possibility of the thrifty gene
Kohlbergs theory
knowledge arises from children actively constructing an understanding of the world through interacting with it. Labelling, stability, constancy
When constancy is achieved they develop gender concepts to suit there own gender
Schema theory
gender identity alone provides children with motivation to assume sex-typed behaviours, schemas are basis for interpreting environment and selecting approporiate behaviours
Biological influences on gender
physical differeneces are biological, testosterone levels affect brain development, CAH
Evolutionary theory
gender roles due to different selective pressures, big gender differences
Biosocial
perception of biological sex leads to gender identity, new borns are lablelled and then treated in a certain way. Should be possible to change in way not confined by traditional gender views
Gender Dysphoria
feel uncomfortable with biological gender and wish to change it, normally occurs at young age and doesn’t last till adulthood. Could occur through gene variants or conditioning
Social influences on gender
Parents, media, peers, schools, cultural
Parents
treat each gender differently(toys, clothes)
Media
Constant message due to huge influences, characters often portrayed in stereotypical ways
Peers
act as role models, seek like minded peers and they police gender behaviour
Schools
separate dress code, praise of appropriate behaviour, gender specific subjects
Cultural influences on gender
roles different, 3rd and 4th sexes. But hard to replicate studies and a lot of researcher bias
Clinical charactersistics of schizophrenia
1% of population, affects thought processes and ability to determine reality, many different subtypes
Reliability of diagnosis
DSM is more reliable than ICD and reliability has improved over time, far from 100% reliable but provides a common language
Validity of diagnosis
often doesn’t lead to successful treatment, must be accurate as there is a stigma. All symptoms are self reported so hard to discern real from pseudo patients
Explanations for schizophrenia
Genetics, Biochemical, Cognitive, Socio-cultural
Genetic explanation for schizophrenia
Twin and adoption have indicated genetic component but hard to separate from environmental factors, gene mapping has identifies high risk genes
Biochemical explanation for schizophrenia
Excess dopamine causes the disorder, L-Dopa
Cognitive explanation for schizophrenia
maladaptive thinking linked to many symptoms, cant filter out info so become overwhelmed with it. Breakdown between info in stored memory and new incoming data
Socio-cultural explanations for schizophrenia
Labelling creates a social role where individuals behave in a stereotypically way and affects how other interpret and react to behaviour, degree of expressed emotion is an indicator of relapse, double bind theory; conflicting messages in childhood and social causation
Schizophrenia therapies
Drugs, ECT, CBT and Psychodynamic
Drugs
primary treatment, dampen symptoms, effective and cheap. 3% schizophrenics live in hospital. High relapse rate and serious side effects
ECT
cant have schizophrenia and epilepsy so epileptic fit would remove disorder, serious risk and side effects
CBT
modifies delusions and hallucinations, problems and experiences are evaluated and what causes them and then work on strategies to cope
Psychodynamic
Causes are developed in early relationships, treatment aims to provide links between symptoms and early experiences, taught forms of communication to achieve insight into problems
Media influences on pro and anti social behaviour
SLT, Cognitive priming, Desensitisation
SLT
occurs through reinforcement as behaviours are rewarded and so imitated. Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
Cognitive priming
cues in the media affects behaviour, remember violent and pro-social acts as scripts for later behaviour and will be triggered in similar situations
Desensitisation
reduction of emotional response to stimulus, repeated exposure of violence reduces its impact on individuals. Increased chance of them being violent as they are separated from the consequences
Effects of video games on behaviour
active role and take up large periods of time, can cause addiction problems. Excessive play can lead to desensitisation but dose have some positive impacts such as stress releaser
Effect of computers on behaviour
Positive tool for communication and learning, risk of dependency on it and lack of face to face communication
Hovland-Yale model
attitude change is a response to communication, 4 factors: communicator, message, channel and audience
Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
concentrated on cognition rather than content. Central route; motivation and ability to think about messages. Peripheral route; no impact from CR if cues still present persuasion can occur
Persusiveness of TV adverts
Hypodermic effects, 2 step flow and uses and gratification theory
Hypodermic effect
Ad’s targeted at specific population and are easily manipulated, passive recipients
2 step flow
ads filtered through opinion leaders who then pass on message to rest of society, audience are active in the process
Uses and gratification theory
People are active processors and use Ad’s to fulfil needs. Provide escape, social interaction, education and entertainment
Social Psychological explanations of celebrity
Attractive due to enviable lifestyle, act as role models. Para-social relationships created. Exposure effect.
Evolutionary explanations of celebrity
Behaviours linked to attractiveness of celebrity were adaptive in EEA. Gossip, enhanced statues leads to more resources
Celbrity worship
occurs at all ages peaks between 11 and 17. Less education, more amount of worship
Stalking
wilful and repeated following or harassing of a person that threatens their safety. Typical profile is male with high incidences of mental illness, drug use and criminality. Link between stalking and attachment patterns
