gender essay plans

Question 1

Kohlberg

Answer 1

lack of internal logic, stage theory on maturation thinking, labelling, stability, consistency, after constancy learn gender appropriate behaviour, 76% of 2 year olds but 905 of 3 year olds could identify sex, boy to dad not understood till 4, Bem says its genital knowledge not constancy, schema, limitation of cognitive doesn’t predict behaviour, more holistic

Question 2

Schema

Answer 2

organised grouping of concepts, framework for future behaviour, identity produces sex typed behaviour, clear distinction between gender behaviours, behaviour changes according to schema, learnt through social interactions, evidence for sex typed behaviour before constancy, better at recalling gender consistent behaviour, toys rejected if for opposite sex, problems with child research, Kohlberg, enforces sterotypes, reductionist (CAH), behaviour can change schemas

Question 3

Biological influences on gender

Answer 3

differences are biological, usually leads to gender, chromosome determine brain structure and genitalia, testosterone cause masculinised brain, CAH girls, male hormones on mice, Deady, Bruce, reductionism determinism, hormone research not necessarily causality, behaviours should be apparent from birth but not, problems with case studies and abnormal samples, nature/nurture both involved, real world application(Olympics)

Question 4

Evolutionary

Answer 4

mutations cause changes, natural selection makes them widespread, differences advantageous to each sex, division of labour advantageous to survival, roles related to reproductive strategies, males more competitive and aggressive, 37 cultures women sought resources…, non industrial societies men hunt women care for children, determinist, socially sensitive for women in workplace, enforces gender stereotypes, samples very different

Question 5

Biosocial

Answer 5

biological and social, cant be explained by sex alone e.g Dysphoria, way adults respone/label, differ across cultures and time, gender not fixed, male reassignment sex, adults treat baby differently based on name, different types of masculinity, reassignment studies have mixed results, intersex nottypical sample group, early behaviours more biological, gender does differ across culture, ethical issues with much research

Question 6

Gender Dysphoria

Answer 6

uncomfortable with biological sex, trauma/maladaptive upbringing, normally only childhood, variant of androgen receptor, parent encourage cross dressing, absence of role models, little evidence for psychological explanation, 70 dysphorics common factor lack of role models, longitudinal only 12% still dysphoric at 18, those with it perceive it as a social construction, to be simplistic to be one cause, real world application helping intersexes, socially sensitive research

Question 7

social influences

Answer 7

SLT observation and reinforcement, parents, media, peers, schools, parents encourage sterotypical toys, men shown in more dominant TV roles, peers ridiculed for opposite sex games, teacher reinforce gender differently, real world application to change media representations a influence grows, contrast biological and social influences, media evidence correlational weak and not present at early age, culturally biased

Question 8

Cultural influences on gender

Answer 8

majority comes from western samples, if similar biological, different then social, conducting research is hard imposed etic, some cultures have 3rd 4th sexes, Mohave Indians, division of labour in every culture, however content of division varies widely, fairly universal women have domestic roles, globalisation, collectivist cultures have clearer gender ideas, nature/nurture, physical difference lead to social role differences which creates division of labour, mead aggression innate but expressed differently , freeman criticism