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ONCOLOGY > OVERVIEW > Flashcards

OVERVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer

A

Group of diseases characterized by abnormal growth and division of cells with the ability to invade surrounding tissues

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2
Q

Neoplasm or Tumor

A

Abnormal mass of tissue that results from uncontrolled cell growth

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3
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

A growth that remains confined to its original location, usually enclosed in a fibrous capsule and neither invades surrounding normal tissues nor spreads to other body sites

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4
Q

Malignant or cancerous neoplasms or tumors

A

Neoplasms which have the ability to invade and destroy normal surrounding tissues and to spread to distant body sites

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5
Q

Types of malignant tumors

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukaemias
Lymphomas

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6
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignancies of surface epithelial cells

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7
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignancies of glandular epithelia tissue

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8
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor of surface epithelial tissue

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9
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignancy of connective tissue

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11
Q

Tumors of fibrous tissue

A

Fibroma- benign
Fibrosarcoma- Malignant

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12
Q

Tumors of the bone

A

Osteoma- benign bone tumor
Osteosarcoma- malignant bone tumor

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13
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

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14
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

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15
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

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16
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor of striated muscle

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17
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of striated muscle

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18
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Cancer of plasma cells

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19
Q

Hodgkin vs Non- hodgkin lymphoma

A

Hodgkin lymphoma - Reed-Sternberg lymphocytes
Non Hidgkin lymphoma- no reed-sternberg lymphocytes

Non-HL- Non-contiguous spread
HL- contiguous spread

Non-HL: Median age of 39
HL: median age of 59

20
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign tumor of cartilage

21
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of cartilage

22
Q

Glioma

A

Benign tumor of brain glial tissue

23
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Malignant tumors of brain glial tissue

24
Q

Meningioma vs meningial sarcoma

A

Meningioma- benign tumor of brain meninges
Meningial sarcoma- malignant tumor of brain meninges

25
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumor of fat tissue

26
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of fat tissue

27
Q

Leukaemia

A

Cancer of the bone marrow

28
Q

Mixed cancer of gonads

A

Teratoma: benign
Teratocarcinoma: cancerous

29
Q

Cancer of the nerve sheath

A

Neurofibroma- benign
Neurofibrosarcoma- malignant

30
Q

Invasiveness vs Metastasis

A

Invasiveness is when a tumor gets so large that it infiltrates adjacent organs
Metastasis refers to the process of tumor cells breaking away from the primary tumor, migrating to a new location and establishing a new, or secondary tumor, in the new environment.

31
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphae
M-phase
Cytokinesis

32
Q

Divisions of interphase

A

G1- First gap phase
S
G2 - Second gap phase

33
Q

What occurs in G1

A

cell grows physically larger
copies organelles
makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

34
Q

What occurs in the S phase

A

Synthesized DNA copy
Centrioles divide into two

35
Q

What occurs during G2

A

RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and cell growth are produced

36
Q

Divisions of M-phase or mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37
Q

At what size is a cancer lesion clinically detectable

A

1g or a billion cells (10 power 9) cells

38
Q

Four main differences between normal and cancer cells

A

Dedifferentiation and loss of function
Uncontrolled proliferation
Invasiveness
Metastasis

39
Q

Four main differences between normal and cancer cells

A

Dedifferentiation and loss of function
Uncontrolled proliferation
Invasiveness
Metastasis

40
Q

Two main genetic changes that cause cancer

A
  1. Activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes
  2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
41
Q

Compartments of a solid tumor

A

Compartment A- dividing cells
Compartment B- resting cells, capable of dividing
Compartment C- cells no longer able to divide

42
Q

General toxicities of anticancer drugs

A

Bone marrow toxicity
Impaired wound healing
Loss of hair
GIT toxicity
Depression of growth in children
Sterility
Teratogenecity
Carcinogenecity

43
Q

Cancer treatment approaches

A

Cytotoxic drugs
Radiotherapy
Surgery

44
Q

Neoadjuvant therapy

A

Chemotherapy given before surgery or radiotherapy in order to diminish the volume of large primary neoplasm

45
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy given after surgery or irradiation to destroy micrometastasis & prevent development of secondary neoplasm

46
Q

Concurrent chemotherapy

A

When chemotherapy is be given together with radiation to enhance the effectiveness of radiation treatment

47
Q

Primary chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy administered as primary treatment

ONCOLOGY (5 decks)

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