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607 Parasitology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

obligate parasite

A

cannot exist without the host

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2
Q

facultative

A

parasite which can live in the environment on its own but also infect the host

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3
Q

endo-

A

internal parasites

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4
Q

ecto-

A

external parasites

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5
Q

spurious parasites

A

not a true parasite, at least in the host in which it is found; “false” parasite

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6
Q

example of a spurious parasite

A

something found on
fecal examination that is from a source outside of the individual and is
not related to an infection of the individual being examined; often
derived from eating part of a host infected with a parasite

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7
Q

zoonotic parasite

A

parasite that typically infects animals but have ability to infect humans

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8
Q

host

A

organism which harbors and nourishes the parasite

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9
Q

host-specific parasites

A

can only infect and cause disease in a particular host

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10
Q

definitive host

A

host in which parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

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11
Q

intermediate host

A

no sexual reproduction of parasite, but can replicate via binary fission

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12
Q

vector host

A

living organism which carries a parasite from host to host; can undergo both sexual reproduction and binary fission in vector

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13
Q

reservoir host

A

host in which the parasite lives and develops but does not cause disease and is available for transmission

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14
Q

paratenic (transfer) host

A

atypical (substitute) intermediate host that
ingests & harbors infective parasite stage which remains active and unchanged (a collector or storage host)

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15
Q

What happens if something ingests a paratenic host?

A

parasite will undergo its typical development and cause disease

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16
Q

Steps for Parasite to Complete Life Cycle

A

Find host
Reach development site in/on host
Survive in/on host
Evade host immune system
Feed & reproduce
Release eggs or larvae out of host
Survive in external environment

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17
Q

development site

A

area within/on the host for parasites to target, which is usually one specific site within the host (like lungs or intestines)

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18
Q

Is the parasite-host relationship typically short or long term?

A

long term

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19
Q

4 Modes of Parasite Transmission

A
  1. Free-living Passive (accidental ingestion)
  2. Free-living Active (accidental penetration)
  3. Infected intermediate host ingested by definitive host
  4. Vector transmission
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20
Q

5 Main Categories of Parasites

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Platyhelminths
  3. Nematodes
  4. Acanthocephala
  5. Arthropods
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21
Q

Direct Effects of Parasite on Host

A

feeding and destroying tissues, production of toxins, mechanical interference

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22
Q

Indirect Effects of Parasite on Host

A

host allergic responses, secondary infections, manipulate the host via behavioral changes (competition/predation)

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23
Q

Do larger parasites have a larger effect?

A

not necessarily - some small parasites are much more pathogenic than larger ones

24
Q

Costs and Benefits of Host Specificity

A

host finding, adaptation to host, avoidance of host response

25
Q

Limits of Narrow Specificity

A

limits distribution of the parasite and improves the probability of synchronization or parasite and host life cycles

26
Q

Can parasites end up in the wrong place, or even host?

A

apparently yes

27
Q

Protozoa

A

single cell eukaryotes classified based on morphology and means of locomotion

28
Q

Trichomonas

A

mucoflagellate protozoa with multiple flagella, a tail-like flagella at the opposite end, and a single nucleus

29
Q

Giardia

A

mucoflagellate protozoa with multiple flagella and two nuclei

30
Q

Difference Morphologically between Trichomonas and Giardia?

A

number of nuclei - trich has one, giardia has two

31
Q

Trypanosoma

A

hemoflagellate, little flagella (one) will keep it moving, can be seen on blood smears?

32
Q

Babesia

A

hemosporidian protozoa - pear shaped and found within RBC

33
Q

2 Forms of Leishmania

A
  1. Insect Stage
  2. Mammalian (Intracellular) Stage
34
Q

Coccidia Protozoa

A

crescent shaped with elaborate organelles

35
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Metamonada

A

Giardia

36
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Amoebozoa

A

Entamoeba

37
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Ciliophora

A

Balantidium

38
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Parabasalia

A

Trichomonas, Tritrichomonas

39
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Euglenozoa

A

Leishmania, Trypanosoma

40
Q

Protozoas in Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Cytauxzoon, Neospora, Isospora, Toxoplasma, Theileria, Hammondia, Sarcocystis

41
Q

2 Classes of Platyhelminths (or 4)

A
  1. Trematodes
  2. Cestodes
    (3. Turbellaria
    (4. Monogenea)
42
Q

Trematodes (class Trematoda)

A

flukes (large flatworms)
have a reproductive system (eggs)
can be found in many different organ systems and cause a variety of disease

43
Q

Digenia

A

subclass of trematodes that contains many parasites of veterinary importance

44
Q

Turbellaria and Monogenea

A

classes of flatworms that are parasites of fish and aquatic organisms, respectively

45
Q

Cestodes (class Cestoda)

A

multi-segmented worms with complex life cycles
have hooks to dig into animal tissue and suckers to help attach to tissue so it doesn’t get flushed out; also proglottids

46
Q

Cestodaria

A

subclass of cestodes which are non-segmented parasites of marine fish

47
Q

rostellum

A

aka mouth (at least on tapeworms)

48
Q

proglottid

A

one segment of a tapeworm which have both male and female reproductive tracts (usually full of eggs); one can break off the entire worm and be enough to cause infection

49
Q

Eucestoda

A

the other subclass of Cestoda (majority here versus Cestodaria)

50
Q

Nematodes (phylum Nematoda)

A

unsegmented roundworms, vary in length, can be free-living or parasitic, most are dimorphic

51
Q

Difference between Male and Female Nematodes

A

males are smaller than females and have a bent tail for holding the female for copulation

52
Q

Acanthocephala

A

“discrete” phylum
thorny headed worms (for digging into animal tissue) or which there are several important species in swine and wildlife (but overall not super common)

53
Q

Arthropods (phylum Arthropoda)

A

includes subphylum Hexapoda and class Arachnida

54
Q

Hexapods (Insects)

A

mosquitoes, lice, fleas

55
Q

Arachnids

A

ticks and mites

607 Parasitology (14 decks)

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