Overview

Question 1

obligate parasite

Answer 1

cannot exist without the host

Question 2

facultative

Answer 2

parasite which can live in the environment on its own but also infect the host

Question 3

endo-

Answer 3

internal parasites

Question 4

ecto-

Answer 4

external parasites

Question 5

spurious parasites

Answer 5

not a true parasite, at least in the host in which it is found; “false” parasite

Question 6

example of a spurious parasite

Answer 6

something found on
fecal examination that is from a source outside of the individual and is
not related to an infection of the individual being examined; often
derived from eating part of a host infected with a parasite

Question 7

zoonotic parasite

Answer 7

parasite that typically infects animals but have ability to infect humans

Question 8

host

Answer 8

organism which harbors and nourishes the parasite

Question 9

host-specific parasites

Answer 9

can only infect and cause disease in a particular host

Question 10

definitive host

Answer 10

host in which parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

Question 11

intermediate host

Answer 11

no sexual reproduction of parasite, but can replicate via binary fission

Question 12

vector host

Answer 12

living organism which carries a parasite from host to host; can undergo both sexual reproduction and binary fission in vector

Question 13

reservoir host

Answer 13

host in which the parasite lives and develops but does not cause disease and is available for transmission

Question 14

paratenic (transfer) host

Answer 14

atypical (substitute) intermediate host that
ingests & harbors infective parasite stage which remains active and unchanged (a collector or storage host)

Question 15

What happens if something ingests a paratenic host?

Answer 15

parasite will undergo its typical development and cause disease

Question 16

Steps for Parasite to Complete Life Cycle

Answer 16

Find host
Reach development site in/on host
Survive in/on host
Evade host immune system
Feed & reproduce
Release eggs or larvae out of host
Survive in external environment

Question 17

development site

Answer 17

area within/on the host for parasites to target, which is usually one specific site within the host (like lungs or intestines)

Question 18

Is the parasite-host relationship typically short or long term?

Answer 18

long term

Question 19

4 Modes of Parasite Transmission

Answer 19

1. Free-living Passive (accidental ingestion)
2. Free-living Active (accidental penetration)
3. Infected intermediate host ingested by definitive host
4. Vector transmission

Question 20

5 Main Categories of Parasites

Answer 20

1. Protozoa
2. Platyhelminths
3. Nematodes
4. Acanthocephala
5. Arthropods

Question 21

Direct Effects of Parasite on Host

Answer 21

feeding and destroying tissues, production of toxins, mechanical interference

Question 22

Indirect Effects of Parasite on Host

Answer 22

host allergic responses, secondary infections, manipulate the host via behavioral changes (competition/predation)

Question 23

Do larger parasites have a larger effect?

Answer 23

not necessarily - some small parasites are much more pathogenic than larger ones

Question 24

Costs and Benefits of Host Specificity

Answer 24

host finding, adaptation to host, avoidance of host response

Question 25

Limits of Narrow Specificity

Answer 25

limits distribution of the parasite and improves the probability of synchronization or parasite and host life cycles

Question 26

Can parasites end up in the wrong place, or even host?

Answer 26

apparently yes

Question 27

Protozoa

Answer 27

single cell eukaryotes classified based on morphology and means of locomotion

Question 28

Trichomonas

Answer 28

mucoflagellate protozoa with multiple flagella, a tail-like flagella at the opposite end, and a single nucleus

Question 29

Giardia

Answer 29

mucoflagellate protozoa with multiple flagella and two nuclei

Question 30

Difference Morphologically between Trichomonas and Giardia?

Answer 30

number of nuclei - trich has one, giardia has two

Question 31

Trypanosoma

Answer 31

hemoflagellate, little flagella (one) will keep it moving, can be seen on blood smears?

Question 32

Babesia

Answer 32

hemosporidian protozoa - pear shaped and found within RBC

Question 33

2 Forms of Leishmania

Answer 33

1. Insect Stage 2. Mammalian (Intracellular) Stage

Question 34

Coccidia Protozoa

Answer 34

crescent shaped with elaborate organelles

Question 35

Protozoas in Phylum Metamonada

Answer 35

Giardia

Question 36

Protozoas in Phylum Amoebozoa

Answer 36

Entamoeba

Question 37

Protozoas in Phylum Ciliophora

Answer 37

Balantidium

Question 38

Protozoas in Phylum Parabasalia

Answer 38

Trichomonas, Tritrichomonas

Question 39

Protozoas in Phylum Euglenozoa

Answer 39

Leishmania, Trypanosoma

Question 40

Protozoas in Phylum Apicomplexa

Answer 40

Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Cytauxzoon, Neospora, Isospora, Toxoplasma, Theileria, Hammondia, Sarcocystis

Question 41

2 Classes of Platyhelminths (or 4)

Answer 41

1. Trematodes 2. Cestodes (3. Turbellaria (4. Monogenea)

Question 42

Trematodes (class Trematoda)

Answer 42

flukes (large flatworms) have a reproductive system (eggs) can be found in many different organ systems and cause a variety of disease

Question 43

Digenia

Answer 43

subclass of trematodes that contains many parasites of veterinary importance

Question 44

Turbellaria and Monogenea

Answer 44

classes of flatworms that are parasites of fish and aquatic organisms, respectively

Question 45

Cestodes (class Cestoda)

Answer 45

multi-segmented worms with complex life cycles have hooks to dig into animal tissue and suckers to help attach to tissue so it doesn't get flushed out; also proglottids

Question 46

Cestodaria

Answer 46

subclass of cestodes which are non-segmented parasites of marine fish

Question 47

rostellum

Answer 47

aka mouth (at least on tapeworms)

Question 48

proglottid

Answer 48

one segment of a tapeworm which have both male and female reproductive tracts (usually full of eggs); one can break off the entire worm and be enough to cause infection

Question 49

Eucestoda

Answer 49

the other subclass of Cestoda (majority here versus Cestodaria)

Question 50

Nematodes (phylum Nematoda)

Answer 50

unsegmented roundworms, vary in length, can be free-living or parasitic, most are dimorphic

Question 51

Difference between Male and Female Nematodes

Answer 51

males are smaller than females and have a bent tail for holding the female for copulation

Question 52

Acanthocephala

Answer 52

"discrete" phylum thorny headed worms (for digging into animal tissue) or which there are several important species in swine and wildlife (but overall not super common)

Question 53

Arthropods (phylum Arthropoda)

Answer 53

includes subphylum Hexapoda and class Arachnida

Question 54

Hexapods (Insects)

Answer 54

mosquitoes, lice, fleas

Question 55

Arachnids

Answer 55

ticks and mites