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Biological basis of behaviour > Overall B&B > Flashcards

Overall B&B Flashcards

1
Q

Connections to limbic system

A

Hypothalamus and olfactory system

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2
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

Outward folded areas

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3
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

Inward folded areas

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4
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates left and right hemisphere

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5
Q

Topographic representation

A

Signals arrive at positions corresponding to the position of the receptor cells

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6
Q

Somatotopic map

A

Signals from hand area of somatosensory cortex which is next to arm area, which is next to shoulder area

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7
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Modulate movements, selective inhibition

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8
Q

Retinotopic map

A

Visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in primary visual cortex

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9
Q

Threshold and resting potential

A

Threshold = -50mV, resting potential = -70mV

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10
Q

Tonotopic map

A

Auditory signals from adjacent areas of cochlea arrive at adjacent areas in primary auditory cortex

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11
Q

Excitatory synapses

A

Depolarisation, AP more likely

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12
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

Hyperpolarisation, AP less likely

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13
Q

Glutamate, GABA

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

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14
Q

ACh

A

Activates muscle fibres and cerebral cortex, facilitates learning

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15
Q

Dopamine

A

Voluntary movement, action planning and control

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16
Q

Noradrenalin

A

Increases vigilance, readiness to act

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17
Q

Serotonin

A

Calming, reduces impulsive behaviour

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18
Q

Dopamine 1 and 2 differences

A

D1 activates 2nd messenger, D2 inhibits 2nd messenger

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19
Q

Hebbian modification

A

Correlated activity of pre- and post-synaptic cell is highly correlated, synapses between 2 cells become stronger

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20
Q

Releasing mode of elicitation

A

Discrete fashion, independent of intensity of stimulus (Response is the same size)

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21
Q

Driving mode

A

Continuous fashion, responses vary with characteristics (strong stimulus = large response). Size dependent on strength

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22
Q

Misconceptions of reflexes

A

Repeatable, simple, mediated by spinal circuits, mediated by reflex arcs, stereotyped, not acquired or modified by learning or experience

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23
Q

Holding signal in eyes

A

Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi

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24
Q

Partial recovery of response in habituation means

A

Due to both fatigue and habituation

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25
Q

What does dishabituation establish existence of?

A

Short-term habituation

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26
Q

Threat conditioning

A

Aversive US and non-aversive CS

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27
Q

Grp 1 audio-visual stimulus linked with? (rats exp.)

A

Illness inducing radiation, aversion to tasty water

28
Q

Grp 2 audio-visual stimulus linked with?

A

Foot shock, aversion to bright-noisy water

29
Q

Benefits of conditional immunosuppression (2)

A

Avoidance of side effects and cost savings

30
Q

Extinction procedure

A

Presenting the CS without the US

31
Q

Instrumental conditioning connections

A

S-R, R-O, S-O

32
Q

Broca’s aphasia (7)

A

Ability to produce comprehensible speech affected. Anomia, slow, laboured speech, paraphasic errors, telegraphic speech, multisyllabic words impaired, aware of deficit

33
Q

Unilateral damage to SMA

A

Abnormal action execution, anarchic hand syndrome, denies responsibility

34
Q

Bilateral damage to SMA

A

Utilisation behaviour, object-appropriate actions, do not see it as unwanted.

35
Q

Lobotomy damage

A

Superior frontal areas, inferior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex

36
Q

Common sense theory

A

Experiences cause the bodily responses

37
Q

James-Lange

A

Experience come after skeletomotor and autonomic reactions have begun. Said sensory experiences are the emotion. People without bodily sensation should not experience emotion. Doesn’t predict complete loss of emotional experience with SCI. Emotional experiences can be induced by feedback from the body

38
Q

Canon-Bard

A

Experiential and bodily responses arise simultaneously in diff neural structures and don’t cause each other. Epinephrine injection produces responses associated with emotion, but not emotion. Are 2 parallel systems

39
Q

Papez circuit

A

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus

40
Q

Where is CS and US info brought together?

A

In the lateral nucleus in the amygdalae

41
Q

Hippocampus is crucial for what learning? (2)

A

Explicit and contextual

42
Q

Functional lateralisation

A

Function carried out in one side of the CNS, but not the other

43
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Damage to superior temporal gyrus. Problems understanding language, meaningless, fluent speech. Paraphasia

44
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus. Good comprehension, fluent speech, impaired repetition and paraphasia

45
Q

Global aphasia

A

Temporal and frontal areas damaged. Poor comprehension, little speech, impaired repetition, unknown about paraphasia

46
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Damage from Wernicke’s area to concepts. Impairs comprehension of speech, but not repetition

47
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Damage from concepts to Broca’s area. Resemble Broca’s aphasia but no deficits in repetition of speech

48
Q

Stimulation to rostral areas

A

Stop speech or produce anomia

49
Q

Stimulation to posterior regions

A

Speech arrest or word confusion

50
Q

Robert Burton mental illnesses

A

Inwardly-directed anger/guilt. Anatomy of melancholy.

51
Q

Francis Galton mental illnesses

A

Biological causes, research with twins (hereditary). Coined term nature/nurture, eugenics movement

52
Q

Paradigms in psychopathology

A

Genetic, neuroscience and cognitive

53
Q

Paradigms in abnormal psychology

A

Psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive therapy

54
Q

Types of symptoms in depression

A

Cognitive, physical and initiative-disappears

55
Q

Bipolar 1 must include

A

1 manic episode

56
Q

Bipolar 2 must include

A

MDD and hypomania

57
Q

Kraepelin’s 2 distinct forms of psychosis

A

Manic depression and dementia praecox

58
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, blunted effect, asociality

59
Q

Reduction in size in schizophrenia in…

A

Decreased prefrontal brain function, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus

60
Q

Historical treatments of psychosis (5)

A

Fever therapy, deep sleep therapy, gas therapy, insulin shot therapy, lobotomy

61
Q

Interpersonal problems (4)

A

Bereavement, role transition, interpersonal conflicts and isolation

62
Q

Mowrer’s 2 factor model of anxiety disorders

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

63
Q

Amygdala and prefrontal cortex in anxiety disorders

A

Activated amygdala, less activity in prefrontal cortex

64
Q

2 medication types of reduce anxiety

A

Benzodiazepines and anti-depressants

65
Q

BPD symptoms (6)

A

Avoid abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive, suicidal, feelings of emptiness, anger

66
Q

APD symptoms (7)

A

Failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, disregard for safety, irresponsible, lack of remorse

Biological basis of behaviour (10 decks)

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