Overall B&B Flashcards
Connections to limbic system
Hypothalamus and olfactory system
Gyrus/gyri
Outward folded areas
Sulcus/sulci
Inward folded areas
Longitudinal fissure
Separates left and right hemisphere
Topographic representation
Signals arrive at positions corresponding to the position of the receptor cells
Somatotopic map
Signals from hand area of somatosensory cortex which is next to arm area, which is next to shoulder area
Basal ganglia
Modulate movements, selective inhibition
Retinotopic map
Visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in primary visual cortex
Threshold and resting potential
Threshold = -50mV, resting potential = -70mV
Tonotopic map
Auditory signals from adjacent areas of cochlea arrive at adjacent areas in primary auditory cortex
Excitatory synapses
Depolarisation, AP more likely
Inhibitory synapses
Hyperpolarisation, AP less likely
Glutamate, GABA
Excitatory and inhibitory
ACh
Activates muscle fibres and cerebral cortex, facilitates learning
Dopamine
Voluntary movement, action planning and control
Noradrenalin
Increases vigilance, readiness to act
Serotonin
Calming, reduces impulsive behaviour
Dopamine 1 and 2 differences
D1 activates 2nd messenger, D2 inhibits 2nd messenger
Hebbian modification
Correlated activity of pre- and post-synaptic cell is highly correlated, synapses between 2 cells become stronger
Releasing mode of elicitation
Discrete fashion, independent of intensity of stimulus (Response is the same size)
Driving mode
Continuous fashion, responses vary with characteristics (strong stimulus = large response). Size dependent on strength
Misconceptions of reflexes
Repeatable, simple, mediated by spinal circuits, mediated by reflex arcs, stereotyped, not acquired or modified by learning or experience
Holding signal in eyes
Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
Partial recovery of response in habituation means
Due to both fatigue and habituation
What does dishabituation establish existence of?
Short-term habituation
Threat conditioning
Aversive US and non-aversive CS
Grp 1 audio-visual stimulus linked with? (rats exp.)
Illness inducing radiation, aversion to tasty water
Grp 2 audio-visual stimulus linked with?
Foot shock, aversion to bright-noisy water
Benefits of conditional immunosuppression (2)
Avoidance of side effects and cost savings
Extinction procedure
Presenting the CS without the US
Instrumental conditioning connections
S-R, R-O, S-O
Broca’s aphasia (7)
Ability to produce comprehensible speech affected. Anomia, slow, laboured speech, paraphasic errors, telegraphic speech, multisyllabic words impaired, aware of deficit
Unilateral damage to SMA
Abnormal action execution, anarchic hand syndrome, denies responsibility
Bilateral damage to SMA
Utilisation behaviour, object-appropriate actions, do not see it as unwanted.
Lobotomy damage
Superior frontal areas, inferior frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex
Common sense theory
Experiences cause the bodily responses
James-Lange
Experience come after skeletomotor and autonomic reactions have begun. Said sensory experiences are the emotion. People without bodily sensation should not experience emotion. Doesn’t predict complete loss of emotional experience with SCI. Emotional experiences can be induced by feedback from the body
Canon-Bard
Experiential and bodily responses arise simultaneously in diff neural structures and don’t cause each other. Epinephrine injection produces responses associated with emotion, but not emotion. Are 2 parallel systems
Papez circuit
Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus
Where is CS and US info brought together?
In the lateral nucleus in the amygdalae
Hippocampus is crucial for what learning? (2)
Explicit and contextual
Functional lateralisation
Function carried out in one side of the CNS, but not the other
Wernicke’s aphasia
Damage to superior temporal gyrus. Problems understanding language, meaningless, fluent speech. Paraphasia
Conduction aphasia
Damage to arcuate fasciculus. Good comprehension, fluent speech, impaired repetition and paraphasia
Global aphasia
Temporal and frontal areas damaged. Poor comprehension, little speech, impaired repetition, unknown about paraphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Damage from Wernicke’s area to concepts. Impairs comprehension of speech, but not repetition
Transcortical motor aphasia
Damage from concepts to Broca’s area. Resemble Broca’s aphasia but no deficits in repetition of speech
Stimulation to rostral areas
Stop speech or produce anomia
Stimulation to posterior regions
Speech arrest or word confusion
Robert Burton mental illnesses
Inwardly-directed anger/guilt. Anatomy of melancholy.
Francis Galton mental illnesses
Biological causes, research with twins (hereditary). Coined term nature/nurture, eugenics movement
Paradigms in psychopathology
Genetic, neuroscience and cognitive
Paradigms in abnormal psychology
Psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive therapy
Types of symptoms in depression
Cognitive, physical and initiative-disappears
Bipolar 1 must include
1 manic episode
Bipolar 2 must include
MDD and hypomania
Kraepelin’s 2 distinct forms of psychosis
Manic depression and dementia praecox
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, blunted effect, asociality
Reduction in size in schizophrenia in…
Decreased prefrontal brain function, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Historical treatments of psychosis (5)
Fever therapy, deep sleep therapy, gas therapy, insulin shot therapy, lobotomy
Interpersonal problems (4)
Bereavement, role transition, interpersonal conflicts and isolation
Mowrer’s 2 factor model of anxiety disorders
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex in anxiety disorders
Activated amygdala, less activity in prefrontal cortex
2 medication types of reduce anxiety
Benzodiazepines and anti-depressants
BPD symptoms (6)
Avoid abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive, suicidal, feelings of emptiness, anger
APD symptoms (7)
Failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, disregard for safety, irresponsible, lack of remorse
