Overall

Question 1

What are norms?

Answer 1

Norms are the specific rules or socially acceptable standards that govern people’s behaviour in particular situations.

Examples of norms in the UK include using cutlery, wearing shoes, and queueing.

Question 2

What are values?

Answer 2

Values are general principles or guidelines for how we should live our lives. They tell us what is right, wrong, good, and bad.

Examples of values in the UK include respect and politeness.

Question 3

What is the difference between criminal behaviour and deviant behaviour?

Answer 3

Criminal behaviour is anything that goes against the law, while deviance is anything that goes outside of societal norms and values.

Something criminal could be deviant, but something deviant is not always criminal.

Question 4

What is criminal behaviour?

Answer 4

Criminal behaviour is something that goes against the law and is often deviant. It often requires a mens rea (guilty mind) to commit actus reus (guilty act).

Examples of criminal behaviour include speeding and murder.

Question 5

Who monitors criminal behaviour and what are the repercussions?

Answer 5

Criminal behaviour is monitored by police who then issue repercussions such as fines, community service, or jail time.

Question 6

How is crime socially constructed?

Answer 6

Crime is socially constructed because it can vary based on cultural and societal changes over time.

Question 7

How are laws applied depending on different circumstances?

Answer 7

Special circumstances may be applied to certain crimes, which can affect the length of a sentence.

For example, if someone has a mental condition and lost control, it is known as diminished responsibility, which may affect the ruling of the judge.

Question 8

What is the definition of polygamy?

Answer 8

Having more than 1 husband or wife at the same time

Polygamy is recognized in various cultures and legal systems.

Question 9

In how many countries is polygamy legal?

Answer 9

Legal in 58 countries

Countries include India, Malaysia, and others.

Question 10

Where is polygamy illegal?

Answer 10

Illegal in most countries like the UK, Turkey, Tunisia, and the USA

Violates rights of women in many contexts.

Question 11

What is adultery?

Answer 11

A sexual act between 2 people - 1 or both of whom are married to another person

Adultery laws vary significantly across cultures.

Question 12

Where is adultery legal?

Answer 12

Legal in countries like India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka

Some countries have decriminalized it, such as India in 2018.

Question 13

Where is adultery illegal?

Answer 13

Illegal in most countries like the UK, Turkey, Tunisia, and the USA

Many Muslim countries also prohibit adultery.

Question 14

What is the legal status of cannabis use in the UK?

Answer 14

Illegal; possession can lead to 5 years in prison, intent to supply can lead to 14 years

Cannabis laws vary widely around the world.

Question 15

Where has cannabis been legalized for recreational use?

Answer 15

Legalized in places like Portugal

Other regions have also legalized cannabis for medical use.

Question 16

What does possession of cannabis for personal use imply?

Answer 16

Possession for personal use or intent to supply or grow the substance

Legal implications depend on local laws.

Question 18

What was the legal status of homosexuality in 1885?

Answer 18

Criminal with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment

This was the time when homosexual acts were prohibited under law.

Question 19

When was homosexuality legalized in the UK?

Answer 19

1967

This marked a significant legal change regarding homosexual acts.

Question 20

What was the age of homosexual consent established in 2000?

Answer 20

16

This was a change from previous laws that set a higher age.

Question 21

What tragic event occurred in 1987 related to gun control?

Answer 21

Michael Ryan killed 16 people in Hungerford

This event highlighted the need for stricter gun laws.

Question 22

How many people were killed in the Dunblane Primary School shooting in 1996?

Answer 22

16 children and 1 teacher

This incident led to significant changes in gun legislation.

Question 23

What action did the Labour government take in 1998 regarding firearms?

Answer 23

Banned all handguns

This was a direct response to the Dunblane shooting.

Question 24

What was the Wolfenden Report’s conclusion regarding homosexual acts?

Answer 24

Legalized homosexual acts between 2 men over 21

The report was based on evidence from various sources, including police and religious leaders.

Question 25

What campaign was initiated by bereaved parents after the Dunblane shooting?

Answer 25

Snow Drop Campaign ## Footnote This campaign gathered 750,000 signatures for a petition calling for law change.

Question 26

What was the purpose of the Gun Network Control?

Answer 26

To campaign for higher gun laws ## Footnote It was formed by lawyers, academics, and parents of victims.

Question 27

How were children viewed in the 13th century?

Answer 27

As 'mini adults' ## Footnote There was no distinction between adult and child sanctions.

Question 28

What legislation was introduced to protect children from paid work?

Answer 28

Factory Acts ## Footnote These laws were designed to exclude children from the workforce.

Question 29

What significant education law was enacted in 1880?

Answer 29

Compulsory schooling ## Footnote This ensured basic education for children.

Question 30

What principle was established in the 2004 Children Act?

Answer 30

Child's welfare as a fundamental principle ## Footnote This legislation aimed to enhance child protection and welfare.

Question 32

What is the XYY syndrome commonly referred to as?

Answer 32

'Super males' ## Footnote Males with XYY are often characterized by certain behavioral tendencies.

Question 33

What behavioral traits are associated with males who have XYY?

Answer 33

* More aggressive and violent * Explosive temper * Hyperactivity * Defiance * Anti-social behavior ## Footnote These traits are often highlighted in studies related to XYY syndrome.

Question 34

Which infamous individual was speculated to have XYY syndrome?

Answer 34

John Wayne Gacy ## Footnote Gacy was a notorious serial killer, and speculation about his genetic makeup has been discussed in relation to XYY.

Question 35

What did Jacobs et al (1965) find regarding XYY and criminality?

Answer 35

A significant number of men in prison had XYY ## Footnote The study suggested a link between XYY syndrome and violent crime, including property damage.

Question 36

What is a major weakness of the research surrounding XYY syndrome?

Answer 36

Biased sample ## Footnote Most research has been conducted in prisons and mental health institutes, which may not represent the general population.

Question 37

How common is XYY syndrome in the general population?

Answer 37

1 in 1000 ## Footnote The rarity of XYY syndrome makes it difficult to establish strong links to criminality.

Question 38

True or False: XYY syndrome is linked to increased rates of property damage.

Answer 38

True ## Footnote Research indicates a correlation between XYY and violent behavior, including property damage.

Question 40

What is the main idea behind twin studies in biological theories?

Answer 40

If one twin is a criminal, the other twin is more likely to be a criminal.

Question 41

What was the concordance rate for monozygotic twins found by Christiansen in 1977?

Answer 41

52% of monozygotic twins were both criminal.

Question 42

What was the concordance rate for dizygotic twins found by Christiansen in 1977?

Answer 42

21% of dizygotic twins were both criminal.

Question 43

What is a strength of twin studies in relation to crime?

Answer 43

Provides some support for genetic explanation of crime.

Question 44

What type of research do twin studies represent?

Answer 44

Natural experiments.

Question 45

What is a potential weakness of twin studies regarding environment?

Answer 45

Twins share the same environment, which could influence outcomes.

Question 46

If genetic factors were solely responsible for criminality, what would the concordance rate be?

Answer 46

100%.

Question 47

What is a noted limitation of Christiansen's twin study?

Answer 47

Small sample size.