AC2.2 AND 3.2

Question 1

What is Social Learning Theory?

Answer 1

Theory that people observe and copy behaviours like criminal behaviour

This theory emphasizes the role of observational learning in behavior acquisition.

Question 2

Who conducted the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 2

Albert Bandura

Bandura’s experiment demonstrated the influence of observed aggression on children’s behavior.

Question 3

What was the main finding of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 3

The group who witnessed the aggressive behaviour were most likely to copy it

This illustrates the impact of role models on behavior.

Question 4

What aspect of human nature does Bandura’s theory emphasize?

Answer 4

We are social beings who learn from experiences of others

This reflects the importance of social context in learning.

Question 5

What are the strengths of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Answer 5

Experiments and variables controlled - accurate

This allows for reliable results in understanding behavior.

Question 6

What is a weakness of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Answer 6

Based on artificial lab studies so lacks validity in real life situations

Real-world applicability can be questioned due to the controlled environment.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Some children may have already been exposed to _______ without being shown the video.

Answer 7

violence

Previous exposure can affect the outcomes of observational learning.

Question 8

What does Differential Association Theory suggest?

Answer 8

People learn through their associations with different people

This theory emphasizes the role of social interactions in the learning of criminal behavior.

Question 9

According to Sutherland, what is the relationship between close associations and criminal behavior?

Answer 9

If a person close to you was a criminal, you would end up being a criminal

This concept highlights the influence of familial and social environments on individual behavior.

Question 10

What finding did Osborne & West discover in 1979 regarding criminal convictions?

Answer 10

If a father had a criminal conviction, 40% of the sons also had one by age 18

This statistic illustrates the potential hereditary aspect of criminal behavior.

Question 11

What is one strength of Differential Association Theory?

Answer 11

Crime often runs in families

This observation supports the theory’s claim about the influence of social relationships on criminal behavior.

Question 12

What is a weakness of Differential Association Theory?

Answer 12

Not everyone exposed to criminal behavior becomes criminal

This indicates that while exposure may influence behavior, it does not guarantee criminality.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: Differential Association Theory is an _________ theory.

Answer 13

Individualistic

This classification indicates that the theory focuses on individual learning processes.

Question 14

What is a potential influence on individuals growing up in environments with criminal behavior?

Answer 14

They may look up to those who are in prison

This suggests a normalization of criminal behavior in certain social contexts.

Question 15

True or False: Differential Association Theory claims that all individuals exposed to criminal behavior will become criminals.

Answer 15

False

The theory acknowledges that exposure does not equate to inevitable criminal behavior.

Question 16

What are the three parts of the mind according to Freud?

Answer 16

Ego, superego, id

Freud’s model of the mind includes these three components, each with distinct roles.

Question 17

What does the id control in Freud’s theory?

Answer 17

Drives and animalistic urges

The id is associated with primal instincts and desires.

Question 18

What is the role of the superego in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

Answer 18

Controls the conscience and morality

The superego is responsible for upholding moral standards and societal rules.

Question 19

How does the ego function in Freud’s model?

Answer 19

Rational and sensible, balancing the id and superego

The ego mediates between the primal desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego.

Question 20

What are the different types of superego identified by Freud?

Answer 20

Weakly developed superego, harsh and unforgiving superego, deviant superego

Each type of superego exhibits different characteristics in terms of moral judgment and behavior.

Question 21

What is a characteristic of a weakly developed superego?

Answer 21

Individual feels less guilt about anti-social actions and less inhibition about acting on the id’s selfish or aggressive urges

This can lead to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.

Question 22

What does a harsh and unforgiving superego lead to?

Answer 22

Individual craves punishment as a release from deep-seated guilt, often engaging in compulsive repeat offending

This behavior reflects a cycle of guilt and punishment that can perpetuate criminal actions.

Question 23

What is the outcome of a deviant superego?

Answer 23

Individual socialised into a deviant moral code, normalising criminal behaviour

This socialisation can occur through family or community influences.

Question 24

What is a strength of psychodynamic theories regarding criminal behavior?

Answer 24

Points to the importance of early socialisation and family behaviour in understanding criminal behaviour

This suggests that formative experiences significantly influence later actions.

Question 25

What are the three components of Freud's personality theory?

Answer 25

Id, ego, and superego ## Footnote These components relate to different parts of the brain and influence behavior.

Question 26

What is a significant weakness of psychoanalytic theories?

Answer 26

Impossible to measure influence of the 'unconscious mind' ## Footnote This makes it challenging to validate these theories scientifically.

Question 27

True or False: Psychoanalytic theories are considered scientific.

Answer 27

False ## Footnote They rely on unprovable claims about the mind, which does not meet scientific standards.

Question 28

What theory did Bowlby propose regarding maternal deprivation?

Answer 28

Bowlby proposed that maternal deprivation is linked to criminality.

Question 29

What is Bowlby's belief about the relationship between a child and its primary carer?

Answer 29

A child needs a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer from birth to age 5 to develop normally.

Question 30

In Bowlby's study, what percentage of juvenile delinquents had been separated from their mothers for over 6 months within the first 5 years?

Answer 30

39% of juvenile delinquents had this separation.

Question 31

What percentage of the control group in Bowlby's study experienced separation from their mothers for over 6 months?

Answer 31

Only 5% of the control group experienced this separation.

Question 32

What is a strength of Bowlby's theory?

Answer 32

It shows the importance of parent-child relationships in impacting criminality.

Question 33

What does Bowlby's theory suggest about childhood experiences?

Answer 33

Childhood experiences can influence criminal behaviour.

Question 34

What is a weakness of Bowlby's theory?

Answer 34

It overestimates the influence of childhood experiences on further life.

Question 35

What type of study did Bowlby conduct?

Answer 35

A retrospective study.

Question 36

What personality types did Eysenck believe were more likely to commit crime?

Answer 36

High in Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism ## Footnote Eysenck's theory suggests a link between these personality traits and criminal behavior.

Question 37

Define Extraversion according to Eysenck.

Answer 37

Sociable, bored quickly, lack of stimulation ## Footnote Extraversion is characterized by a tendency to seek out social interactions.

Question 38

Define Neuroticism according to Eysenck.

Answer 38

Anxious and irrational ## Footnote Neuroticism involves emotional instability and a tendency to experience negative emotions.

Question 39

Define Psychoticism according to Eysenck.

Answer 39

Cold, uncaring, and aggressive ## Footnote Psychoticism is associated with a lack of empathy and aggressive behavior.

Question 40

What are the strengths of Eysenck's theory?

Answer 40

Research supported his theory; offenders tend to be neurotic, extraverted, and psychotic ## Footnote Empirical evidence lends credibility to his claims about personality and crime.

Question 41

What are the weaknesses of Eysenck's theory?

Answer 41

Not all prisoners are extraverted; extraverted scale measures impulsiveness and sociability; convicted offenders may not be typical of offenders as a whole ## Footnote These weaknesses suggest limitations in generalizing Eysenck's findings.