Overall

Question 1

What are the 4 tissue types?

Answer 1

Connective, Epithelial, Nervous and Muscle

Question 2

Briefly describe Connective tissue

Answer 2

Supports and protects

Question 3

Briefly describe Epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Protection and secretion

Question 4

Briefly describe Nervous tissue

Answer 4

Communication and sensory

Question 5

Briefly describe Muscle tissue

Answer 5

Movement

Question 6

What is the neurotransmitter between pre and post ganglionic neurons?

Answer 6

Sympathetic - Acetylcholine + norepinephrine/epinephrine

Parasympathetic - Acetylcholine & Acetylcholine

Question 7

Describe a vein

Answer 7

Thin walls, carry deoxygenated blood towards heart

Question 8

Describe an artery

Answer 8

Thick muscular walls, carries oxygenated blood away from heart

Question 9

Advantages to parallel circuit?

Answer 9

Lower resistance, can regulate individual organs without effecting others. If one organ fails, downstream organs are not effected

Question 10

Functions of the cardiac frame and where is it?

Answer 10

keeps valves in shape and in position, is an attachment for muscle bundles, acts as an insulator. Between atria and ventricles

Question 11

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart?

Answer 11

The heart will pump out any amount of blood that it receives.

Question 12

What is pneumothorax? why does it happen?

Answer 12

Collapse lung. The seal has broken.

Question 13

Blood pressure of pulmonary circulation?

Answer 13

15-30mmHg

Question 14

Blood pressure of systemic circulation?

Answer 14

100-140mmHg

Question 15

What’s the name of the cells of the conduction system of the ventricles?

Answer 15

Purkinje cells

Question 16

Where are Purkinje cells found?

Answer 16

Just below the endocardium

Question 17

What kind of innervation does the heart receive from the parasympathetic system?

Answer 17

Acts on the nodes - slows heart rate

Question 18

What kind of innervation does the heart receive from the sympathetic system?

Answer 18

Acts on entire system - increases HR, increases speed and force of contraction

Question 19

What’s worse, atrial or ventricular fibrillation and why?

Answer 19

Ventricular as there is no pumping of blood.

Question 20

What is the dead space in the lungs?

Answer 20

Where there is no gas exchange

Question 21

How do AV valves open and close?

Answer 21

Change of pressure caused by contractions of the heart

Question 22

Name the 3 types of capillaries

Answer 22

Continuous, sinusoid, fenestrated

Question 23

Functions of the baroreceptors?

Answer 23

Short-term control of BP

Question 24

Size of RBC

Answer 24

7.7 microns

Question 25

How to regulate long term control of BP?

Answer 25

Fluid volume in blood

Question 26

3 types of blood flow?

Answer 26

No flow, laminar, turbulent

Question 27

What structure is defective in varicose veins?

Answer 27

The valves

Question 28

One feature of turbulent flow?

Answer 28

Makes a sound

Question 29

Name 3 variables in GFR?

Answer 29

Blood pressure, resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles, NaCl because is always there and good measure of speed of flow because responds to time-gradient.

Question 30

What are the 4 Starling forces?

Answer 30

Capillary pressure (BP) Plasma colloid osmotic pressure Interstitial fluid pressure Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

Question 31

Anatomical features of the lymphatic system?

Answer 31

Dead ends and valves. One direction.

Question 32

Name four main parts of Respiratory system

Answer 32

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 33

What's the formula for vascular capacitance?

Answer 33

C = change in V / change in P

Question 34

What is the function of microcirculation?

Answer 34

O2 and nutrients exchange + removal of CO2 and waste products in blood.

Question 35

Determinants of blood flow formula?

Answer 35

F = change in P / R

Question 36

Why is the mean blood pressure closer to diastole than systole?

Answer 36

Because diastole is longer than systole.

Question 37

Describe blood flow of the heart

Answer 37

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta to the cells.

Question 38

How many seconds between nodes?

Answer 38

0.03, 0.09, 0.04, total = 0.16 seconds

Question 39

Describe wiring of the heart

Answer 39

SA node, AV node, His bundle, ventricular fibres

Question 40

Name parts of the kidney

Answer 40

Pelvis, cortex, medulla, papilla, minor and major calyx, nephrons, pyramid, capsule, ureters.

Question 41

Name parts of a nephron

Answer 41

Glomerulus, bowmans capsule, afferent and efferent tubules, loop of Henle, collecting tubule and collecting duct, macula densa, juxta-glomerular apparatus.

Question 42

Cell types in the Alveoli

Answer 42

Type 1, epithelial. Type 2 (clara), secretes surfactant. Immune cells (macrophages)