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BIOL253 > Overall > Flashcards

Overall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Connective, Epithelial, Nervous and Muscle

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2
Q

Briefly describe Connective tissue

A

Supports and protects

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3
Q

Briefly describe Epithelial tissue

A

Protection and secretion

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4
Q

Briefly describe Nervous tissue

A

Communication and sensory

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5
Q

Briefly describe Muscle tissue

A

Movement

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6
Q

What is the neurotransmitter between pre and post ganglionic neurons?

A

Sympathetic - Acetylcholine + norepinephrine/epinephrine

Parasympathetic - Acetylcholine & Acetylcholine

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7
Q

Describe a vein

A

Thin walls, carry deoxygenated blood towards heart

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8
Q

Describe an artery

A

Thick muscular walls, carries oxygenated blood away from heart

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9
Q

Advantages to parallel circuit?

A

Lower resistance, can regulate individual organs without effecting others. If one organ fails, downstream organs are not effected

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10
Q

Functions of the cardiac frame and where is it?

A

keeps valves in shape and in position, is an attachment for muscle bundles, acts as an insulator. Between atria and ventricles

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11
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart?

A

The heart will pump out any amount of blood that it receives.

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12
Q

What is pneumothorax? why does it happen?

A

Collapse lung. The seal has broken.

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13
Q

Blood pressure of pulmonary circulation?

A

15-30mmHg

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14
Q

Blood pressure of systemic circulation?

A

100-140mmHg

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15
Q

What’s the name of the cells of the conduction system of the ventricles?

A

Purkinje cells

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16
Q

Where are Purkinje cells found?

A

Just below the endocardium

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17
Q

What kind of innervation does the heart receive from the parasympathetic system?

A

Acts on the nodes - slows heart rate

18
Q

What kind of innervation does the heart receive from the sympathetic system?

A

Acts on entire system - increases HR, increases speed and force of contraction

19
Q

What’s worse, atrial or ventricular fibrillation and why?

A

Ventricular as there is no pumping of blood.

20
Q

What is the dead space in the lungs?

A

Where there is no gas exchange

21
Q

How do AV valves open and close?

A

Change of pressure caused by contractions of the heart

22
Q

Name the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous, sinusoid, fenestrated

23
Q

Functions of the baroreceptors?

A

Short-term control of BP

24
Q

Size of RBC

A

7.7 microns

25
Q

How to regulate long term control of BP?

A

Fluid volume in blood

26
Q

3 types of blood flow?

A

No flow, laminar, turbulent

27
Q

What structure is defective in varicose veins?

A

The valves

28
Q

One feature of turbulent flow?

A

Makes a sound

29
Q

Name 3 variables in GFR?

A

Blood pressure, resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles, NaCl because is always there and good measure of speed of flow because responds to time-gradient.

30
Q

What are the 4 Starling forces?

A

Capillary pressure (BP)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial fluid pressure
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

Anatomical features of the lymphatic system?

A

Dead ends and valves. One direction.

32
Q

Name four main parts of Respiratory system

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

33
Q

What’s the formula for vascular capacitance?

A

C = change in V / change in P

34
Q

What is the function of microcirculation?

A

O2 and nutrients exchange + removal of CO2 and waste products in blood.

35
Q

Determinants of blood flow formula?

A

F = change in P / R

36
Q

Why is the mean blood pressure closer to diastole than systole?

A

Because diastole is longer than systole.

37
Q

Describe blood flow of the heart

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries.
Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta to the cells.

38
Q

How many seconds between nodes?

A

0.03, 0.09, 0.04, total = 0.16 seconds

39
Q

Describe wiring of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, His bundle, ventricular fibres

40
Q

Name parts of the kidney

A

Pelvis, cortex, medulla, papilla, minor and major calyx, nephrons, pyramid, capsule, ureters.

41
Q

Name parts of a nephron

A

Glomerulus, bowmans capsule, afferent and efferent tubules, loop of Henle, collecting tubule and collecting duct, macula densa, juxta-glomerular apparatus.

42
Q

Cell types in the Alveoli

A

Type 1, epithelial.
Type 2 (clara), secretes surfactant.
Immune cells (macrophages)

BIOL253 (9 decks)

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