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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

what are light microscopes?

A

use light to allow us to see specimens, as the light bounces off the specimen into our eyes

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3
Q

why do we use stains?

A
  • to view colourless specimens
  • to highlight different organelles
  • show contrast between different densities in cell
  • show contrast between organelles
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4
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

objective lens x eye piece lens ( x10)

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5
Q

what is resolution?

A
  • ability to distinguish 2 separate points as distinct from each other
  • able to see more detail
  • see different organelles
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6
Q

how do we make slides?

A
  1. take thin sample of what you want to view
  2. stain it if it is colourless
  3. put a cover on top at an angle to prevent air bubbles
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7
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

all the proteins needed for the cell are synthesised in these

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8
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

chemical reactions needed for life occur in this liquid gel - including anaerobic respiration

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9
Q

what are mitochondrias?

A

where oxygen is used + most of the energy is released during aerobic respiration

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10
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

controls all of the activities of he cell - contains genes on chromosomes (DNA)

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11
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of cell

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12
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

large space containing cell sap - helps to keep the cells rigid + to support the plant

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13
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

contains chlorophyll, a green substance that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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14
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose + forms a rigid structure around the cell to strengthen and provide support

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15
Q

how do you carry out the cheek cell practical?

A
  1. choose someone to donate cheek cells
  2. person rubs a cotton swab on inside of cheek
  3. run swab onto glass microscope slide
  4. put 1 drop of methylene blue onto cell smear
  5. place cover slip over top at an angle to reduce air bubbles
  6. start on x10 objective lens
  7. move slide away from lens to focus
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16
Q

why does the nucleus show up more in the cheek cell practical?

A

it absorbs more stain

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17
Q

how do you carry out the plant cell practical?

A
  1. collect a small piece of onion
  2. peel off a single layer of cells + place onto glass microscope slide
  3. put 1 drop of iodine onto cells
  4. place cover slip over top at angle to reduce air bubbles
  5. start on 10x objective lens
  6. move slide away from lens to focus
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18
Q

what is a prokaryote? ( no )

A

organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

what is a eukaryote? ( do )

A

organism with cells that have a nucleus + membrane bound organelles e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts

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20
Q

what is an electron microscope?

A

uses electron to allow us to see the specimen

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21
Q

what is a transmittion electron microscope?

A

beam of electrons passes through specimen + is dispersed by the structures there

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22
Q

what is a scanning electron microscope?

A

specimen coated in very thin layer of metal + a beam of electrons is bounced off the surface. this allows 3-D images to be formed.

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23
Q

what is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.2 µm

24
Q

what is he maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

x2000

25
Q

what is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.1nm

26
Q

what is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

A

x2000000 , depends

27
Q

what are the advantages of light microscopes?

A
  • don’t always need to stain specimen
  • can use living specimen
  • cheap so skls can afford them
28
Q

what are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A
  • images only in 2D
  • magnification only goes up to x2000
  • resolution only goes up to 0.2 µm
29
Q

what are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • up to 0.1nm resolution
  • up to 2000000 magnification
  • images in 3D
30
Q

what are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • expensive so skls can’t afford
  • must always stain specimen
  • specimen must be dead
  • no colour images
31
Q

what is growth?

A

process of getting bigger, this happens by cells dividing constantly e.g height, weight, appearance

32
Q

what is development?

A

how we change over time, it allows organs to function + occurs naturally e.g. cognitive, motor, psychological aspects

33
Q

what are the stages of embryo development?

A
  1. sperm and egg cell
    fertilisation
  2. zygote ( fertilised egg cells )
    egg divides by mitosis
  3. embryo
    cell starts to specialise. after 2 months main organs have developed
  4. fetus
34
Q

what is differentiation?

A

conversion of unspecialised cell into a specialised cell

35
Q

what is a cell?

A
  • smallest functional unit in an organism
  • building blocks of life
36
Q

what is the tissue?

A

collection of specialised cells that carry out a particular function e.g connective tissue, nervous tissue

37
Q

what is an organ?

A

collection of tissues that carry out a particular function together e.g heart

38
Q

what is an organ system?

A

group of organs working together to perform a particular function e.g digestive system, circulatory system

39
Q

what are plant meristems?

A
  • plants have unspecialised cells that become differentiated, these are meristem cells
  • they are found in : buds, shoot tips, root tips, laterally around the stem
40
Q

what is a gene?

A

section of DNA giving th instructions for a cell about how to make one kind of protein

41
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

long, thin, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell made from a molecule of DNA

42
Q

what is DNA?

A

biological polymer made from nucleotide monomers. the sequence contains all the genetic material of an organism.

43
Q

what is a polymer?

A

large molecule that is composed of multiple repeating units ( monomers ) e.g DNA

44
Q

what is a monomer?

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer e.g nucleotides

45
Q

what does DNA consist of?

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar (deoxyribose)
  • nitrogenous bases
46
Q

what nitrogenous bases are in DNA?

A

A denine
T hymine
C ytosine
G uanine

47
Q

what is the diagram of a nucleotide?

A

sun ( p ) , house ( s ) , garage ( b )

48
Q

DNA strands?

A

DNA consists of 2 twisting strands that run anti- parallel to eachothet forming a double helix shape

49
Q

what are the base pairings

A

A + T
C + G

50
Q

calculating base percentage:
22% of the DNA based are cytosine. calculate the percentage of DNA made up of the other bases.

A

C: 22%. G=22%
A= 28%
T= 28%

100-44=56% / 2 = 28%

51
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

long chains of amino acids. there are 20 different types of amino acids that make up protiens

52
Q

3 bases rule

A

every 3 bases signals for an amino acid to join a chain, forming a protien. we call these 3 bases a condon or a triplet.

ATC GAA TCCA
/\ || O = protien

53
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A
54
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A
55
Q
A

bio 1 (7 decks)

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