Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology (a) > Over view of the immune system > Flashcards

Over view of the immune system Flashcards

0
Q

immunity

A

derived from the latin word immunis, which referred to the exemption from various civic duties and legal prosecutions granted to roman senators during their terms in office.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

all multicellular organisms have developed various mechanisms for defending themselves against ________ collectively, they constitute the immune system.

A

foreign invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

invertebrates have what type of immunity?

A

innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vertebrates have what type of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are other names for innate immunity?

A

natural
native
nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristic’s of innate immunity

A 
present in all individuals or animals at all times
no memory (does not improve on repeated exposure)
does not discriminate between pathogens
first and second lines of host defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

other names for adaptive immunity

A

acquired

specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

mediated by T and B lymphocytes
highly specific for a particular pathogen
takes several days for it to become fully functional
improves with successive encounter with the same pathogen
third line host defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

immunologic memory

A

improves with successive encounter with the same pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F: acquired immunity does not opperae independently of innate immunity.

A

T

it supplements and augments the nonspecific defense mechanism, producing a more effective total response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the first line of defense

A

intact skin
mucous membranes and their secretions
normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

second line of defense

A

neutrophils, macrophages
phagocytosis
inflammation and fever
antimicrobial substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

components of innate immunity

A 
age
skin
oral cavity
Respiratory tract
eyes
genitourinary tract
normal flora
iron binding proteins
oxygen tension
complement 
interferons
temperature
inflamation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Age

A

very young and very old are more susceptible to infection b/c immune response is suboptimal
poor nutrition do to not being able to smell or taste any more can lead to vitamin deficiencies
protein, vitamins, and b complexes are need for a healthy immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

skin

A

mechanical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epithelial produce ____ that have a natural antibiotic function (defensins)

A

peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in humans the epidermis is completely renewed every

and this is know as what

A

15-30 days

epithelial turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sebum

A

produced by sebaceous glands
protective film over surface o skin
contains lactic acid and fatty acids that inhibit growth of microorganisms
pH3-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

perspiration

A

flushes microorganisms from the surface of the skin

sweat contains lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

oral cavity

A

saliva washes microorganisms from teeth and gums

contains antibacterial agents; lysozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

low pH of the stomach
normal flora
peristaltic movement- vomiting diarrhea
proteolytic enzymes, bile acids, and pancreatic secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

respiratory tract

A

mucocilliary escalator
coughing and sneezing (speeds up the escalator)
alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eyes

A

flushing action of tears (contain lysozyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

genitourinary tract

A

urine. flushing action of urine; acidity of urine (contains lysozyme)
vaginal lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

normal flora

A

microorganisms ( mostly bacteria, fungi, protozoa) that colonize a host with out causing disease
some may cause disease under certain circumstances
contribute to host defense by preventing potential pathogens from colonizing the host
competition for attachment sites and nutrients
produce substances harmful to pathogens; bacteriocins
E. coli in the LI produce colicins that inhibit thegrowth
of Salmonella spp and Shigella spp.
altering conditions that affect the survival of pathogens;
pH and O2 availability
lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina alters is pH
to prevent over population by Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

bacteriocins

A

antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

competitive exclusion

A

proposition that states that 2 species competing for the same resources cannot coexist if other ecological factors are constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

iron binding proteins

A

proteins that sequester iron thereby reducing iron available to a pathogen, eg, transferrin, lactofeerin, and haptoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

iron plays a critical roll in bacterial respiration as a component of the ________ and _____________ involved in electro transport

A

cytochromes and iron-sulfide proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

siderophores

A

iron- chelating compounds produced by various pathogenic bacteria that facilitate the uptake of iron by the bacterial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

oxygen tension

A

inhibits the growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria, especially in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

complement

A

plasma and cell surface proteins associated with lysis of gram negative bacteria, chemotaxis of phagocytes, and opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

opsonization

A

the coating of an antigen or particle that facilitates its uptake into a phagocytic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

interferons

A

low molecular weight glycoproteins produced by certain cells in response to viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

IFNs have ______ and _____ activity

A

antiviral and immune regulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

temperature

A

body temperature inhibits replication of some pathogens
fever enhances phagocytosis
antibody production and T cell proliferation are more efficient at higher body temps than at normal levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

fever can be induced by

A 
bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides) 
interleukin-1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

inflamation

A

begins following sublethal injury to tissue and ends with complete healing
cause may be microbiological, physical, or chemical
results in the brining of blood components and cells of the immune system to the site of tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

components of specific immunity

A

antibody-mediated( humoral) immunity

cell- mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

antibody- mediated (humoral) immunity

A

antibodies are made by the interaction between a Blymphocyte and an antigen
they are soluble proteins
once made have the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

antibodies are found in

A

plasma
lymph
tissue fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

antibodies are effective in eliminating

A

extracellular antigens and bacterial toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

antigen specific T cells play the main role

Macrophages and natural killer cells, and nonspecific cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

CMI responses are most important against _____ ______, in ____ ____, and in ____ _____ _____.

A

intracellular parasites
allograft rejection
delayed hypersensitivity reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

adaptive immune response is divided into 3 phases:

A
  1. recognition of antigen by antigen specific lymphocytes
  2. activation of lymphocytes
  3. effector phase which results in destruction of the antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

activation of lymphocytes results in

A

clonal expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Clonal expansion

A

the proliferation of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation and precedes their differentiation into effector cells and memory cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

cellular elements of blood, including the white blood cells of the immune system, platelets and RBC are derived from the same progenitor cells, which are

A

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

48
Q

what are the two main lines of differentiation of pluripotent stem cells

A

myeloid lineage

lymphoid lineage

49
Q

myeloid lineage

A

produces monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and other cells

50
Q

lymphoid lineage

A

produces lymphocytes

51
Q

plasma proteins

A

a mixture of a number of proteins of different structural and functional properties

52
Q

what are the major plasma protein

A

albumin, fibrinogen and globulin

53
Q

all of fibrinogen and albumin and 50-80% of globulins are produced where

A

liver

54
Q

the remaining globulin proteins( gamma)are produced where

A

lymphoid organs and tissues

55
Q

globulins

A

responsible for bodys innate and adaptive immune response against invading pathogens

56
Q

Globulins are comprised of

A

complement proteins and antibodies

57
Q

Host immune responses can result in the following:

A

autoimmunity
immunodeficiency
hypersensitivity
transplantation

58
Q

autoimmunity

A

the response is directed against self- antigens

59
Q

immunodeficiency

A

ineffective immune response

60
Q

hypersensativity

A

overactive immune response resulting in allergies

61
Q

transplantation reaction

A

rejection of allograft

62
Q

cluster of differentiation( CD) molecules

A

are cell surface molecules expressed on a variety of cell types in the immune system

63
Q

how are CD molecules identified

A

monocolonal antibody
they may be used as markers to differentiate different cell populations such as CD4+T cell( T helper cell) or CD8+ T cell( cytolytic T lymphocyte

64
Q

antigen

A

any substance that can induce humoral and/or cell-mediated immune responses when introduced into an individual or animal

65
Q

characteristics of antigens

A

must be able to react with specific receptors on B and T cells and with bodies produced against it

66
Q

microbial antigen

A 
bacteria 
fungi
viruses
protozoa 
helminth parasites
67
Q

non microbial antigens

A

foreign proteins
food antigens
plant antigens
cell surface proteins

68
Q

the degree of antigenicity of a molecule is influenced by several factors. they include:

A 
foreignness
chemical complexity
molecular size
stability
degradability
genetic make up of the host
method of administration
69
Q

foreignness

A

self vs. nonself
the macromolecule must come from a foreign cource
the more foreign the antigen the more vigorous the immune response

70
Q

autologous antigens

A

antigens found within the same individual

71
Q

syngeneic (isogeneic) antigens

A

antigens found in genetically identical individuals, eg, identical twins or inbred strains of mice

72
Q

allogeneic antigens

A

antigens found in genetically dissimilar members of the same species, eg, blood- group antigens

73
Q

xenogeneic antigens

A

antigens found in different species

74
Q

chemical complexity

A

the more complex a molecule the more varied the epitope composition, hence the more likely different immune responses will be induced

75
Q

epitope

A

antigenic determinant

76
Q

proteins

A

most complex organic compounds
most antigenic
18 or more amino acids
the diversit imparts epitopes of differing specificities to the protein

77
Q

polsaccharides

A

simple ones are weak antigens b/c they do not possess sufficient chemical complexity
rapidly degraded before the immune system has had time to respond to them

78
Q

more complex polysaccharides

A

antigenic, eg, capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides

79
Q

T or F:

antigenicity of poly saccharides is enhanced if they are coupled to proteins as glycoproteins.

A

true

80
Q

lipids

A

weak antigens
due to their structural simplicity and rapid metabolism
immune response may be enhanced when they are conjugated to proteins (lipoproteins) or polysaccharides ( glycolipids)

81
Q

molecular size

A

most potent antigens are proteins with high molecular weights above 100,000

82
Q

in general, molecules with molecular weight ___ 10,000 are ___ antigenic, and very ____ ones, eg, amino acids are ________

A

below
weakly
small
non- antigenic

83
Q

the ___ and ___ _____ _____ increases proportionately with the size of the protein

A

number

variety of epitopes

84
Q

carbohydrate antigens

A

the number of epitopes increases with size but the diversity usually does not

85
Q

stability

A

lymphocyte antigen receptors recognize an antigen by its shape. thus highly flexible molecules that have no fixed shape are poor antigens

86
Q

degradability

A

T cells respond only to processed antigens

87
Q

T or F:
antigen-presenting cells must firstdegrade the antigen before they can express antigenic peptides noncovalently bound to MHC on their cell surface.

A

T

88
Q

Macromolecules that cannot be ___ and ___ with MHC molecules are ____ antigens

A

degraded
presented
poor

89
Q

genetic make up of the Host

A

the genetic constitution of the host determines whether a given molecule will stimulate an immune response
* different strains of the same species of an animal may respond differently to the same antigen

90
Q

method of administration

A

dosage

91
Q

low doses

A

of an antigen may not stimulate an immune response either b/c
the amount given fails to activate enough lymphocytes or
renders the lymphocytes unresponsivness

92
Q

very high doses

A

may lead to immune paralysis

93
Q

route

A

of antigen administration determines which organs and cell populations will initiate the immune response

94
Q

antigen presentations subqu

A

usually elicits the strongest response
the antigen is taken up by Langerhans cells in the skin, carried to
local lymph nodes, where they are processed and presented to
Tcells

95
Q

epitopes

A

are the sites on or within the antigen that stimulate the immune response and against which that response is directed

96
Q

epitopes determine

A

the specificity of the antigen molecule

97
Q

internal epitopes

A

only expressed after the antigen has been partially degraded in vivo by antigen -presenting cells

98
Q

polyvalent

A

many epitopes of different specificities

99
Q

multivalent

A

many epitopes of the same specificity

100
Q

accessibility of the epitopes
since hydrolytic products of the antigen generated by antigen
presenting cells contain various epitopes, immune responses are
generated against both

A

internal and surface epitopes

101
Q

however only those epitopes on the ____ of the ____ ____ are able to bind to their antibodies.

A

outside

parent molecule

102
Q

another name for cross- reactivity is

A

heterophile antigens

103
Q

T or F:

some times an antibody produced to one antigen can cross- react with an unrelated antigen

A

T

104
Q

Cross- reactivity is possible because

A

the two unrelated antigens share one or more identical or very similar epitopes. in the case of similar epitopes the affinity of the antibody for the cross reacting epitope is usually less than that for the original epitope

105
Q

cross reactivity provides the basis for:

A 
auto immune diseases ( molecular mimicry)
heterologous vaccines (measles vaccine protects against canine distemper)
false positive diagnosis
106
Q

B cell receptor

A

cell surface receptor of B cells that recognizes a specific antigens

107
Q

B cell receptors consist of

A

membrane immunolobulin molecule in association with the single transduction molecules Ig alpha and IG beta

108
Q

T cell receptorts

A

cell surface receptor of T cells that binds to antigenic peptide presented in association with major histocompatibility complex molecule

109
Q

T cell receptors consists of

A

alpha and beta protein chains that associate with the single transduction molecules CD3 plus zeta

110
Q

major histocompatability complex (MHC)

A 
are proteins encoded by MHC gene 
classified as classI classII and classIII MHC molecules
           class I and class II are cell surface molecules thet present antigenic peptides to T cells
111
Q

Haptens

A

nonatigenic molecule , usually of low molecular weight

by itself can not induce an immune response, but can react with the products of that response

112
Q

haptens include

A

antibodies
analgesics
poison ivy

113
Q

to induce an immune response a hapten must always be coupled to a

A

carrier substance, preferably protein antigen!

hapten acts as a new pitope of the carrier protein and an immune response is generated to both the hapten and native epitopes of the protein

114
Q

carrier proteins include

A

serum albumin, globulins, and synthetic polpeptides

115
Q

T or F:
antibody specific for a given hapten can recognize and bind the hapten whether the hapten is free or bound to a carrier substance

A

T

116
Q

Significance of Haptens

A

Karl landsteiner is credited with most of the work with haptens. his findings illustrate the diversity of the immune response and specificity of antigen - antibody and antigen -T cell reactions, ie, paul elrichs lock and key method

117
Q

autocoupling haptens

A

have the ability to form spontaneous covalent bonds with self proteins to create neoatigens in vivo
its responses can have serious consequences in the body
poison ivy
the resin of posion ivy binds to any protein it comes incontact
with, including skin proteins. the modified skin proteins are
regarded as foreign and attacked by lymphocytes and an
allergic contact dermatitis results

Immunology (a) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions