Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology (a) > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

0
Q

cytokine characteristics

A

usually act locally, however, on occasion, they may exhibit endocrine action
they act by binding to specific cytokine receptors on the cells that they effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

cytokines

A

soluble proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that stimulate ( occasionally suppress ) the growth, maturation, and functioning of the cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lymphokines

A

cytokines primarily produced by lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

monokines

A

cytokines primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines produced by leukocytes that act on other leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cytokines are produced during the ___ and ___ ___ of innate and adaptive immune responses.

A

activation

effector phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytokines are active in very ___ concentrations

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

properties of cytokines

A

cytokine secretion is a brief, self limited event( not stored as preformed molecules) and often influence the synthesis of other cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytokine receptors

A

cytokines bind to specific high affinity receptors, which then triggers a series of biochemical events that influence the activities of immune cells and organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the expression of many cytokine receptors is regulate by ___ ____. the signal may be ___ ____ or ____ ____ to the cell

A

specific signal
another cytokine
antigen binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the cytokine receptor can have ___ ___ that block the cytokine before it reaches its cellular target.

A

circulating forms

regulates the activity of the cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

individual cytokines may be produced by multiple cell types, which include:

A

pleitropism
redundancy
synergism
antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pleiotropism

A

a single cytokine may have multiple activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

redundancy

A

a single activity can be caused by multiple cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

synergism

A

a cytokine may work best in association with another cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

antagonism

A

a cytokine may antagonize the effects of another cytokine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proinflammatory cytokines

A

contribute to the initiation of a wide spectrum of activities during the inflammatory responses, such as fever, acute phase response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does proinflammatory cytokines include:

A

IL-1
IL-6
tumor necrosis factor- alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

proinflammatroy cytokines act in concert with____ and ___ ___ to ensure the development of physiological responses to a wide variety of stimuli, such as microbial infections and tissue injury.

A

chemokines

hematopoietic cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) source

A

Macrophages (activated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two types of interleukin -1

A

IL-1 alpha (local)

IL-1 beta(endocrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IL-1 alpha

A

binds to macrophage membranes, enabling macrophages to activate lymphocytes that come in contact with them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

IL-1beta

A

secreted by cells,thus, most of the IL-1 found in circulation is this one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F:

Both forms of Interleukin -1 bind to the same IL-1 receptor and mediate the same biological activities

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
IL-1 receptor antagonist
Third form that binds to IL-1 but is biologically inactive so that it functions as a competitive inhibitor of IL-1. Also an endogenous regulator that serves to prevent excessive IL-1 driven inflammatory response.
25
Principal activities of IL-1
- lymphocyte activation - acts on endothelial cells to increase expression of adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte extravasation and secret chemokines that activate leukocytes - stimulates the production of neutrophils and platelets by the bone marrow - acute phase reaction - nervous system- causes fever, lethargy malaise and lack of appetite - initiates metabolic wasting( mobilization of aa from muscle)
26
acute phase reaction
stimulates hepatocytes to synthesize increased levels of acute phase proteins in response to inflamation
27
fever
IL-1 acts on the thermoregulatory center in the anterior hypothalamus, resulting in prostaglandin- induced fever
28
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) sources
Macrophages (activated)
29
Interleukin-6 principal activities
- stimulates synthesis of acute phase proteins; endogenous pyrogen (fever) - bone marrow( stimulation of hematopiesis, in concert with colony-stimulating factors, it promotes the production of neutrophils and platelets) - T cells - Bcells
30
tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha) sources: | most dangerous of all
Macrophages | T cells
31
Principal activities for TNF-alpha
- Vascular endothelium( expression of adhesion molecules and synthesis of chemokines) - activates neutrophils and macrophages, enhancing their microbial activities - stimulate synthesis of acute- phase proteins; potent endogenous pyrogen - pathologic abnormalities(prolonged production or high concentrations)
32
pathological abnormalities include
intravascualr thrombosis cachexia septic shock
33
intravascular thrombosis
TNF stimulates endothelial cell expression of tissue factor, a potent activator of coagulation. thrombosis of tumor blood vessels accounts for tumor killing activity
34
Cachexia
characterized by wasting of muscles and fat cells ( due to TNF induced appetite suppression)
35
Cachectin
TNF is referred to this | general wasting of animal
36
septic shock
TNF is the principal mediator for this in gram negative septicemia very large amounts of TNF result in inhibition of muscle tome and cardiac contractility, resulting in decreased blood pressure and shock
37
Chemokines ( chemotactic cytokines)
comprise a large family of small proteins that are involved in the migration of leukocytes (especially phagocytes and lymphocytes) from the blood to tissues and activation of leukocytes play a central role in inflammatory reactions
38
Chemokines are produced by_____ and various tissue cells such as ____, _____, _____.
leukocytes fibroblast endothelial epithelial
39
secretion of chemokines are produced by ____ and by ____ ____, principally TNF-alpha and IL-1. However some are produced constitutively in ____ _____, where they aid in the traffic of lymphocytes through the organs in the _______ of _______.
``` pathogens proinflamatory cytokines lymphatic organs absence inflammation ```
40
chemokine receptors
consist of seven-transmembrane polypeptide chains( the chains traverse the plasma membrane seven times) and belong to the large family of G-protein-coupled receptors
41
chemokines are classified according to the type of chemokines they bind, what are some examples:
CXCRs | CCR
42
chemokines are classified into cubfamilies based on the position of two of the four higly conserved NH-2 terminal _____ _______ they possess
cysteine residues
43
CXC chemokines
alpha chemokines first two cysteines separated by one amino acid mostly attract active neutrophils most importnat is CXCL8 (IL-8)
44
CXCL8
- is a chemotactic for neutrophils and effector T cells - activates neutrophils, increasing their expression and rearrangement of integrins - also enhances degranulation, the respiratory burst
45
CC chemokines
- beta chemokines - have two adjacent cysteine residues - mostly recruit and activate monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, NK cells, and eosinophils
46
CC chemokines include:
- CCL3/CCL4(macrophage inflammatory proteins) - CCL2(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) - CCL11( eotaxin) - CCL5( RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)
47
Hematopoietic cytokines
stimulate the growth and differentiation of bone marrow precursor cells
48
Hematopoietic cytokines include:
interleukin-3 interleukin-7 stem cell factor GM-CSF; M-CSF
49
Interleukin 3 sources
T-cells, macrophages, mast cells
50
Interleukin -3 job
promotes the growth and differentiation of stem cells into all known mature cell types (multi lineagecolony- stimulating factor multi-CSF)
51
Interleukin- 7sources:
bone marrow, and thymic stromal cells
52
Interleukin-7 job
growth of T and B cell progenitaors ( called lymphopoietic cytokine)
53
stem cell factor source:
constitutively produced by bone marrow stromal cells | active as membrane form or secreted form
54
stem cell factor job:
- required for the earliest stages of leukocyte development in the bone marrow - may also play a role is sustaining the viability and proliferation of immature T cells in the thymus and of mast cells in mucosal tissues
55
GM-CSF; M-CSF source:
T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells, and bone marrow stromal cells
56
GM-CSF; M-CSF
these cytokines are assayed in vitro by their ability to stimulate the formation of cell colonies in bone marrow cultures
57
G-CSF; M-CSF job:
promote the expansion and differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells
58
Cytokines of adaptive immunity
interleukin-2 interleukin- 4 interleukin -5
59
Interleukin-2 source
- main source is naive CD4+ cells and Th1 | - CD8 T cells secrete low levels
60
Interleukin-2 principal activities
stimulates growth and differentiation o T cells, B cells, and NK cells(proliferation and enhanced cytolytic activity
61
Interleukin-4 source:
Th2cells
62
Interleukin-4 principal activities
-stimulates the development and clonal expansion of Th2 cells from naive CD4+T cells - Bcells stimulates bcell differentiation and antibody synthesis principal cytokine that stimulates B cell immunoglobulin class switching IgE isotype -Th1 down regulates IFN-zeta synthesis by Th1 cells, thereby inhibiting macrophage activation and suppressing cell mediated immune response -stimulates growth of mast cells
63
Interleukin-5 sources
Th2 cells and mast cells
64
Interleukin- 5 principal activities
``` -eosinophils stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils; activation of mature eosinophils -Bcells growth and differentiation ```
65
Cytokine antagonists
proteins that inhibit the biological activity of cytokines
66
cytokine antagonist function in two ways
1) they can bind directly to a cytokine receptor without activating it (IL-ra) 2) they can bind directly to a cytokine, inhibiting its activity
67
vireceptorc
secreted viral proteins that inhibit cytokine signaling by mimicking host cytokine receptors several poxviruses encode homologs of IFN- zetaR, soluble TNF-binding protein, and soluble IL-1 binding protein
68
virokines
secreted viral proteins that mimic host cytokines Epstein-barr virus encodes a homolog of IL-10
69
soluble cytokine receptors
generated by enzymatic cleavage of the extracellular domains of cytokine receptors have been identified in the blood stream and extracellular fluid include IL-2 receptors and sIFN-zeta R
70
soluble cytokine receptor job:
bind with their respective cytokine preventing the cytokine form interacting with the membrane bound receptor
71
sIL-2R
used as a clinical marker of chronic T cell activation and has been observed in various pathologies, including autoimmune disorders, allograft rejection, and AIDS
72
high concentrations of cytokines or chronic exposure to a cytokine can result in:
- High levels of IL-2 results in fever chills, and vascular leak syndrome - toxic shock syndrome
73
toxic shock syndrome
enterotoxins produced by some strains of S. aureus can act as a superantigens and trigger polyclonal T cell response TNF-alpha-causes fever, hypotension and damage to the liver and kidney
74
cytokine based therapy includes
the use of monoclonal Abs produced against specific cytokines, recombinant cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors
75
IL-ra
under investigation as a possible treatment for chronic inflammatory disease
76
erthropoietin (EPO)
used in cats and dogs with nonregenerative anemia due to endogenous EPO deficiencies in chronic renal failure
77
Colony stimulating cytokines
such as GM-SCF( sargramostim) and G-CSF (filgrastim) given after chemothearpy or radiation thearpy improves bone marrow recovery( stimulate production of myeloid progenitor cells)
78
interferon
induces an antiviral state in host cells; has anti tumor activity; promotes processing and presentation of cytosolic proteins Horses: treatment of inflammatory airway disease cats: treatment of feline leukemia; together with corticosteroids used in the treatment of effusive feline infectious peritonitis

Immunology (a) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions