Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology (a) > lymphoid system > Flashcards

lymphoid system Flashcards

0
Q

Lymphoid stem cells are produced by the ___ __ ___ and ______ in the very young fetus

A

yolk sac mesoderm

fetal liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

the cells involved in the _____ immune response(_____, ___ ___ __) are localized and concentrated in anatomically defined organs and tissues that constitute the lymphoid system. they are also the sites where foreign antigens are transported and concentrated

A

adaptive
lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In older fetuses and neonates, the _________ is the main source of lymphoid stem cells

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the classification of lymphoid organs and tissues is based on

A
  1. the level to which they participate in the maturation of lymphocytes
  2. provision of a suitable environment for the interaction between foreign antigen and antigen-sensitive T and B lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

central or primary lymphoid organs

A

Bursa of Fabricius
Bone marrow
thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen
mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

central lymphoid organs and tissues (_____, _____, ______, and _______) regulate production and maturation of lymphocytes

A

thymus
bone marrrow
Peyers patches
Bursa of fabricius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

“one cel, One specificity”

A

generate lymphocytes that are individually different to meet the threat posed to an animal or individual by the large number of microbial pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

central lymphoid organs develop early in embryonic life and ___ after puberty, except bone marrow

A

involute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mature lymphocytes acquire ____ ____ _____ and other _____ ______ and learn to ______ between ____-_____, which are tolerated and foreign antigens, which are not, ie, “self vs nonself”

A

specific antigen receptors
phenotypic characteristics
discriminate
self-peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

maturation and differentiation of lymphocytes occur

A

independent of foreign antigenic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

upon removal early in life, there is loss of lymphocytes, resulting in loss of ____ ______

A

immune responsivness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the thymus is the site of

A

Tcell development and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In ___, ___,___, ___, and _____, the thymus extends up the neck as far as the thyroid gland

A

horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, and chickens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the ___ has a rich blood supply and efferent lymphatic vessels that rain into mediastinal lymph nodes

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cortex

A

contains about 85% of the total thymocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during different stages of thymocytes maturation in the cortex they acquire ____ ____ (TCRs) and other _____ and ______ characteristics of mature T cells

A

antigen receptors

functional and phenotypic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

as lymphocytes mature, they migrate toward the

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

medulla

A

sparsely populated with mostly mature lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a network of epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are found throughput the thymus especially at the

A

corticomedullary junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T cell selection

A

developing lymphocytes acquire TCRs by gene rearrangement: TCRs are selected for both self MHC restriction and self -tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

self tolerance

A

ability to distinguish between “self” and “nonself” by self MHC-self-peptide complexes expressed on thymic stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The thymus induces the death by _____, of thymocytes whose TCrs react strongly with ________________. asa result, more than ____ of developing thymocytes die by _____.

A

apoptosis
self antigen MHC- complexes
95%
apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F

in humans, thymic involution begins at puberty and continues throughout adulthood

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thymic involution begins within the ___ which may disappear completely, whereas _____remnants persist.

A

cortex

medullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

____ ____ is related to corticosteroid sensativity (lysis) of the immature cortical thymocytes

A

cortical atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bursa of fabricius

A

is a lymphoepithelial organ found in birds but not in mamals; it is a sac-like structure dorsal to the cloaca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the bursa reaches maximum size ________ after hatching, followed y gradual involution; by the times the bird reaches sexual maturity (_____), only ___ vestiges remain of the BF and thymus

A

1-2 week
6 months
atrophied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Majority of B cells (_____) die through_____

A

90-95%

apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

apoptosis

A

a reflection of negative selection of self-reactive B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mature B cells begin to migrate from the bursa to the peripheral lymphoid organs________

A

a few days prior to hatching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the bone marrow is the site of generation of

A

all blood circulating blood cells and a fat depot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

in mammals , bone marrow is both a ___ and ___ lymphoid organ

A

primary and secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what two compartments is bone marrow divided into

A

hematopoietic and vascular compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

hematopietic compartment

A

contains precursors of all the blood cells (self-renewing stem cells) as well as stromal cells, macrophages and lymphocytes

35
Q

in most mammals, the bone marrow is the site of early events in

A

B cell development

36
Q

stromal cells

A
  1. secrete various cytokines that are required for B celldevelopment
  2. selection of immature B cells
37
Q

Immature B cells that acquire ___________ receptors are allowed to die

A

self-reactive receptors

38
Q

the bone marrow contains numerous long-lived plasma cells that produce ___ fro many months or years

A

antibodies

39
Q

these plasma cells are produced in ____ lymphoid organs as a result of antigenic stimulation of B cells and then migrate to the bone marrow

A

peripheral

40
Q

peyers patches

A

are aggregations of lymphatic nodules that are found in the walls of all three segments of the small intestines

41
Q

Two types of PP have been described:

A
  • numerous discrete lymphatic follicles that function as peripheral lymphatic organs
  • single large ileal PP
42
Q

peripheral lymphatic organs contain

A

B cells, T cells, antigen- presenting cells

they persist throughout the life of the individual or animal

43
Q

single large ileal PP

A

in ruminants, pigs and dogs and functions as a primary lymphatic organ. it is the siteof early B cell development

44
Q

single large ileal PP undergoes involution by

A

1 1/2 years of age

45
Q

peripheral lymphoid organs

A

arise late in fetal life and persist through adulthood.

46
Q

removal of any of the secondary lymphoid organs _____ significantly reduce an individual or animals immune capacity

A

does not

47
Q

secondary lymphoid organs are the sites where mature lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are ____ and ____

A

initiated and develop

48
Q

the 3 major portals of antigen entry into the body

A

skin
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract

49
Q

blood borne antigens are filtered by

A

the spleen

50
Q

tissue antigens are carried by lymphatic fluid to regional

A

lymph nodes

51
Q

lymph nodes

A

are the only lymphatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymph vessels

52
Q

lymph nodes are the sites where immune responses to antigens entering the body via the ___ and ___ or from _____ and ______ are initiated

A

skin
mucosa
parenchymal organs
connective tissues

53
Q

all lymph nodes eventually drain into the _____ system and back to the ______

A

thoracic duct

peripheral blood

54
Q

lymph nodes are made up of

A

cortex
paracortex
medulla
efferent lymphatic vessel

55
Q

lymphoid cortex

A

B cells are organized into primary and secondary follicles here

56
Q

primary lymphoid follicles

A

follicles without germinal centers; they contain mostly resting mature B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages

57
Q

secondary lymphoid follicles

A

primary follicles with germinal centers

58
Q

germinal centers

A

develop in response to antigenic stimulation of B cells; thus B cell proliferation, selection of B cells producing high affinity antibodies and generation of memory B cells

59
Q

paracortex

A

contains mostly T cells, some macrophages and dendritic cells. lymphocytes enter the node from the circulation through the high endothelial venules in the paracortex

60
Q

medulla

A

contains mostly macrophages, antibody-secreting plasma cells and lymphocytes

61
Q

efferent lymphatic vessel

A

lymph leaving via the efferent lymphatic vessel contains newly secreted antibodies, effector lymphocytes and mostly naive lymphocytes that migrated from the blood into the lymph node through the paracortical HEVs

62
Q

spleen

A

the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and is therefore the major organ in the body in which antibodies are produced

63
Q

the spleen is the major site of immune responses to _______; there fore ____ can lead to an increase in blood-borne microbial infections

A

blood-born antigens

splenectomy

64
Q

two main types of spleen tissue

A

white pulp

red pulp

65
Q

white pulp

A

lymphoid tissue of white pulp is organized around the central arteriol to form the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath(PALS)

66
Q

T cells are mostly found where in the spleen

A

central arteriole

67
Q

bcells in the spleen are mostly found

A

in primary and secondary follicles

68
Q

spleen follicles also contain

A

macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells

69
Q

red pulp

A

contains macrophages, some activated B cells and plasma cells
it is a storage site for erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes

70
Q

Macrophages in the red pulp ____ old____ and ___ and also clear the blood of microorganisms and other particles;

A

phagocytose’
platelets
RBCs

71
Q

T or F

the spleen is the major site for the phagocytosis of antibody coated (opsonized) microbes

A

True

72
Q

Marginal zone of the spleen

A

separates the whit pulp from the red pulp. It contains macrophages and some lymphocytes

73
Q

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

A

comprises all lymphoid cells present as either solitary or aggregated nodules in epithelial, lamina propria and submucosa of the GI tract, respiratory tract and genitourinary tract

74
Q

what are the main sights of MALT

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissues
bronchial -associated lymphoid tissue and genitourinary tract
cutaneous immune system

75
Q

GALT consist of lymphoid tissue in

A

lamina propria of the intestines
peyer’s patches
appendix
tonsils

76
Q

cutaneous immune system

A

consist of lymphocytes ad accessory cells in the epidermis and dermis that respond to enviromental antigens

77
Q

lymphocyte recruitment

A

is the continuous movement of lymphocytes from one lymphatic organ or tissue to another via the blood and lymph, and is activated to peripheral inflammatory sites

78
Q

a lymphocyte may recirculate from the blood to the tissue and lyph and back again as often as ___ times per day

A

1-2

79
Q

the predominate lymphocytes in blood are

A

T lymphocytes

80
Q

high endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

extravasation of naive lymphocytes from the blood into a peripheral lymph node occurs selectively at modified post capillary venules within the paracortex of the lymph node here

81
Q

HEVs are present in each of the _____ lymphoid organs but not in the ____

A

secondary

spleen

82
Q

HEVs possess _______; they are cytokine-activated cells that express a variety of adhesion molecules not found on the flat resting endothelial cells of ordinary venules

A

cubodial (plump) endothelial cells

83
Q

the recirculation patterns of naive T lymphocytes is governed by the combination of adhesion molecules (_____) and chemokine receptors (____) that they express

A

L-selectin

CCR 7

84
Q

T or F

even though B cells recirculate, only a small fraction of blood lymphocytes are B cells

A

T

Immunology (a) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions