over-all notes

Question 1

What are examples of screening programs?

Answer 1

Mammograms for breast cancer detection, lipoprotein panels for cardiovascular risk assessment, newborn screenings for genetic conditions (e.g., PKU).

Question 2

What screening programs are used for newborns?

Answer 2

Hearing, PKU, congenital heart defects.

Question 3

What screening programs are used for children/adolescents?

Answer 3

Developmental delays, behavioral risks.

Question 4

What screening programs are used for adults?

Answer 4

Diabetes (HbA1c), cholesterol, HIV, depression, cancer (e.g., breast, colorectal).

Question 5

What are examples of health policies?

Answer 5

Banning trans fats (cardiovascular risk reduction), limiting Bisphenol A in plastics (endocrine disruptor).

Question 6

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

Answer 6

Reliability refers to the consistency of test results, while validity refers to the accuracy of test results.

Question 7

What is sensitivity in measures of validity?

Answer 7

True positives / all actual positives.

Question 8

What is specificity in measures of validity?

Answer 8

True negatives / all actual negatives.

Question 9

What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

Answer 9

True positives / all test positives.

Question 10

What is Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?

Answer 10

True negatives / all test negatives.

Question 11

What are some screening controversies?

Answer 11

False positives causing undue stress, overdiagnosis of benign conditions, lead-time bias, length bias.

Question 12

What is the Natural History of Disease Timeline?

Answer 12

Prepathogenesis (Primary Prevention): No disease yet; focus on risk reduction. Early Pathogenesis (Secondary Prevention): Early detection through screening. Late Pathogenesis (Tertiary Prevention): Manage and rehabilitate disease.

Question 13

What is the Host-Agent-Environment Model?

Answer 13

Host: Organism harboring the agent. Agent: Cause of the disease (e.g., bacteria, toxins). Environment: External conditions affecting transmission (e.g., humidity).

Question 14

What are the types of immunity?

Answer 14

Active Immunity: Long-lasting, vaccine-induced. Passive Immunity: Temporary, e.g., antibodies from mother to infant. Herd Immunity: Protection by population-level immunity thresholds.

Question 15

What are the methods of disease transmission?

Answer 15

Direct Transmission: Person-to-person (e.g., respiratory droplets). Indirect Transmission: Vehicles (e.g., fomites, airborne particles, vectors).

Question 16

What are examples of diseases by transmission?

Answer 16

Vector-Borne: Malaria, Lyme disease. Foodborne: Salmonella. Waterborne: Cholera. Zoonotic: Swine flu (animal to human).

Question 17

What are the steps in outbreak investigation?

Answer 17

Identify cases through clinical observations, analyze using epidemic curves (common vs. point-source epidemics), determine mode of transmission (direct/indirect), trace reservoirs (where agents live/multiply) and vectors.