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epi mod 4 > Chapter 10, infectious diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 10, infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epidemiologic triangle?

A

A model illustrating the interaction of agent, host, and environment in causing disease.

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2
Q

What is an agent in the context of infectious diseases?

A

The factor (e.g., microorganism, chemical substance) that causes a disease or health problem.

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3
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies.

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4
Q

What is the attack rate?

A

A measure of the frequency of new cases of a disease in a specific population during a defined time period.

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5
Q

What is a bioterrorism attack?

A

The deliberate release of biological agents to cause harm or fear among a population.

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6
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A person or animal harboring a specific infectious agent without displaying symptoms but capable of spreading the disease.

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7
Q

What is case mapping?

A

The process of using geographic information to plot the location of disease cases.

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8
Q

What is a common-source epidemic?

A

An outbreak resulting from a group of people exposed to a common infectious agent (e.g., contaminated food or water).

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9
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted from one person to another.

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10
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A highly transmissible communicable disease that spreads through direct contact or proximity.

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11
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Spread of infectious agents through physical contact or droplets.

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12
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Spread through intermediaries, such as vectors or fomites.

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13
Q

What is an emerging infectious disease?

A

A new or previously unrecognized infectious disease that is increasing in incidence or geographic range.

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14
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

A disease or condition regularly found and consistently present in a particular region or population.

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15
Q

What is an enteric protozoal parasite?

A

Microscopic parasites that infect the gastrointestinal tract, such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium.

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16
Q

What is the environment in relation to infectious diseases?

A

External factors (physical, biological, social) that affect the spread of infectious diseases.

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17
Q

What is an environmental determinant?

A

An element in the environment (e.g., sanitation, climate) that influences disease transmission.

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18
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

A graph showing the number of new cases of a disease over time, often used in outbreak investigations.

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19
Q

What is generation time?

A

The time between infection in a host and the maximum communicability of the disease.

20
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Resistance to disease in a population due to a high proportion of individuals being immune.

21
Q

What is a host?

A

A person or organism that provides a suitable environment for an infectious agent to live and multiply.

22
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Protection developed through exposure to antigens or vaccination, typically long-lasting.

23
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Temporary immunity transferred from another source (e.g., maternal antibodies).

24
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms.

25
Q

What is an index case?

A

The first identified case of a disease in an outbreak.

26
Q

What is infection?

A

The invasion and multiplication of an infectious agent in a host’s body.

27
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A disease caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

28
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The ability of an infectious agent to establish an infection in a host.

29
Q

What is isolation?

A

The separation of individuals with a communicable disease to prevent the spread of infection.

30
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

An infection acquired in a healthcare setting, such as a hospital.

31
Q

What is a parasitic disease?

A

An illness caused by parasites (e.g., malaria, hookworm).

32
Q

What is a point-source epidemic?

A

An outbreak where exposure to the infectious agent occurs at one specific location or time.

33
Q

What is a portal of entry?

A

The site through which an infectious agent enters a host’s body.

34
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

The site through which an infectious agent leaves a host’s body (e.g., respiratory droplets, blood).

35
Q

What is quarantine?

A

The restriction of movement for individuals exposed to a communicable disease to prevent its spread.

36
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

A habitat (animal, human, or environment) in which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies.

37
Q

What is resistance in the context of infectious diseases?

A

The host’s ability to fend off infectious agents or diseases.

38
Q

What is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

A

Infections spread primarily through sexual contact.

39
Q

What is a subclinical (inapparent) infection?

A

An infection without noticeable symptoms, yet capable of spreading the disease.

40
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A harmful substance produced by microorganisms, plants, or animals.

41
Q

What is vaccination (immunization)?

A

The administration of a vaccine to stimulate active immunity against a specific disease.

42
Q

What is a vaccine-preventable disease?

A

Diseases that can be effectively controlled or prevented through vaccines (e.g., measles, polio).

43
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that transmits infectious agents.

44
Q

What is a vehicle in the context of infectious diseases?

A

A non-living intermediary (e.g., water, food) that transmits infectious agents.

45
Q

What is virulence?

A

The severity or harmfulness of a disease caused by an infectious agent.

46
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

A disease transmissible from animals to humans.

47
Q

What is the difference between a reservoir and a vector?

A

Reservoir: Natural habitat of the agent.

Vector: Living carrier transmitting the agent.

epi mod 4 (4 decks)

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